{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:36:58Z","timestamp":1792157818513,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal arrhythmias are mostly benign and transient. However, some of them are associated with structural defects or can cause heart failure, fetal hydrops, and can lead to intrauterine death. The analysis of fetal heart rhythm is based on ultrasound (M-mode and Doppler echocardiography). Irregular rhythm due to atrial ectopic beats is the most common type of fetal arrhythmia and is generally benign. Tachyarrhythmias are diagnosed when the fetal heart rate is persistently above 180 beats per minute (bpm). The most common fetal tachyarrhythmias are paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and atrial flutter. Most fetal tachycardias can be terminated or controlled by transplacental or direct administration of anti-arrhythmic drugs. Fetal bradycardia is diagnosed when the fetal heart rate is slower than 110 bpm. Persistent bradycardia outside labor or in the absence of placental pathology is mostly due to atrioventricular (AV) block. Approximately half of fetal heart blocks are in cases with structural heart defects, and AV block in cases with structurally normal heart is often caused by maternal anti-Ro\/SSA antibodies. The efficacy of prenatal treatment for fetal AV block is limited. Our review aims to provide a practical guide for the diagnosis and management of common fetal arrythmias, from the joint perspective of the fetal medicine specialist and the cardiologist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T23:59:55Z","timestamp":1623023995000},"page":"2510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Treatment of Fetal Arrhythmias"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alina","family":"Veduta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 11171 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca Maria","family":"Panaitescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 11171 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca Marina","family":"Ciobanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 11171 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Neculcea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 11171 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4539-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela Roxana","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheorghe","family":"Peltecu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 11171 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8097-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Cavoretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yagel, S., Silverman, N.H., and Gembruch, U. 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