{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:39:11Z","timestamp":1788871151447,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several hormones contribute to ensure penile erection, a neurovascular phenomenon in which nitric oxide plays a major role. Erectile dysfunction (ED), which is defined as the persistent inability to obtain or maintain penile erection sufficient for a satisfactory sexual performance, may be due to arteriogenic, neurogenic, iatrogenic, but also endocrinological causes. The hypothalamus\u2013pituitary axis plays a central role in the endocrine system and represents a fundamental link between the brain and peripheral glands, including gonads. Therefore, the hormonal production of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary axis can control various aspects of sexual function and its dysregulation can compromise erectile function. In addition, excess and deficiency of pituitary hormones or metabolic alterations that are associated with some pituitary diseases (e.g., Cushing\u2019s disease and acromegaly, hypopituitarism) can determine the development of ED with different mechanisms. Thus, the present review aimed to explore the relationship between hypothalamic and pituitary diseases based on the most recent clinical and experimental evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1623248164000},"page":"2551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary Diseases and Erectile Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9290-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianmaria","family":"Salvio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Umberto I Hospital, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Umberto I Hospital, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Giancola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Umberto I Hospital, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6204-3423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Arnaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Umberto I Hospital, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Balercia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Polytechnic University of Marche, Umberto I Hospital, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.03.003","article-title":"Transnitrosylation: A Factor in Nitric Oxide\u2013Mediated Penile Erection","volume":"13","author":"Musicki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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