{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T15:01:28Z","timestamp":1768748488514,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004343","name":"3M","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No grant number (industrial sponsor; sponsored the investigator-initiated trial in part)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number (industrial sponsor; sponsored the investigator-initiated trial in part)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This randomized clinical study examined the influence of the gingival condition\u2014healthy versus mild inflammation\u2014on sulcus representation and possible gingival recession for two gingival displacement procedures prior to conventional impression making. The interventions double cord technique or a kaolin paste containing aluminum chloride were applied to 40 probands. The opposite quadrant served as intrapersonal reference (split-mouth design). Precision impressions were then made. Extraoral digitization of the plaster models resulting from the reference impression prior to gingival displacement, the intervention impression and control impressions were the basis for the computer-aided three-dimensional analysis. After six months, a mild artificial gingivitis was induced, and the contralateral quadrant (cross-over design) was examined for the intervention. The gingivitis deteriorated the sulcus representation for the double cord technique group but did not affect the paste technique group. The gingival condition had no influence on the marginal gingiva height changes. The minor extent of those changes, which were measured up to six months after intervention at the palatal study site, were not considered to be in the clinically relevant range for gingival recession. For healthy gingiva, the cord technique showed superior sulcus representation compared to the paste technique. This advantage was lost to a great extent under the conditions of mild gingivitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T22:10:59Z","timestamp":1624399859000},"page":"2747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Influence of the Gingival Condition on the Performance of Different Gingival Displacement Methods\u2014A Randomized Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center of Dentistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0746-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heike","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center of Dentistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Z\u00fcgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center of Dentistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Just","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center of Dentistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hrusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center of Dentistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center of Dentistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigmar","family":"Schnutenhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center of Dentistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Dreyhaupt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Schwabstra\u00dfe 13, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph G.","family":"Luthardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center of Dentistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(86)90336-7","article-title":"Tissue displacement methods in fixed prosthodontics","volume":"55","author":"Benson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12581","article-title":"A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing the use of displacement cords and aluminum chloride paste","volume":"32","author":"Bennani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2017.03.010","article-title":"A multicenter randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing the use of displacement cords, an aluminum chloride paste, and a combination of paste and cords for tissue displacement","volume":"119","author":"Einarsdottir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari Cagidiaco, E., Zarone, F., Discepoli, N., Joda, T., and Ferrari, M. (2021). Analysis of The Reproducibility of Subgingival Vertical Margins Using Intraoral Optical Scanning (IOS): A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10050941"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"205","article-title":"Gingival Retraction Methods for Fabrication of Fixed Partial Denture: Literature Review","volume":"3","author":"Safari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Local and systemic effects of mechanico-chemical retraction","volume":"34","author":"Donaldson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2013.09.002","article-title":"Gingival displacement for impression making in fixed prosthodontics: Contemporary principles, materials, and techniques","volume":"58","author":"Baba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhari, J., Prajapati, P., Patel, J., Sethuraman, R., and Naveen, Y.G. (2015). Comparative evaluation of the amount of gingival displacement produced by three different gingival retraction systems: An in vivo study. Contemp. Clin. Dent., 6.","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.156043"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12352","article-title":"Efficiency of Cordless Versus Cord Techniques of Gingival Retraction: A Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.09.009","article-title":"Efficacy of conventional cord versus cordless techniques for gingival displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"125","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.166082","article-title":"Comparative clinical efficacy evaluation of three gingival displacement systems","volume":"6","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"234","article-title":"Influence of gingival retraction paste versus cord on periodontal health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"35","article-title":"Comparison of gingival retraction produced by retraction cord and expasyl retraction systems\u2014An in vivo study","volume":"10","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug. Invention Today"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"335","article-title":"Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Gingival Retraction Procedures on Gingival Recession and Tissue Displacement: Clinical Study","volume":"4","author":"Kazemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"147","article-title":"Clinical study of a newly developed injection-type gingival retraction material","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12142","article-title":"A double-blind randomised clinical trial of two techniques for gingival displacement","volume":"41","author":"Sarmento","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2015.06.023","article-title":"Effect of gingival displacement cord and cordless systems on the closure, displacement, and inflammation of the gingival crevice","volume":"115","author":"Chandra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4103\/jips.jips_285_18","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of three gingival displacement materials for efficacy in tissue management and dimensional accuracy","volume":"19","author":"Gajbhiye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2290","article-title":"Clinical Assessment of Gingival Sulcus Width using Various Gingival Displacement Materials","volume":"19","author":"Goutham","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4103\/jips.jips_288_19","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of amount of gingival displacement produced by four different gingival displacement agents\u2014An in vivo study","volume":"19","author":"Kesari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_708_18","article-title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Gingival Retraction Using Polyvinyl Siloxane Foam Retraction System, Vinyl Polysiloxane Paste Retraction System, and Copper Wire Reinforced Retraction Cord in Endodontically Treated Teeth: An in vivo Study","volume":"10","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.12522","article-title":"Gingival Retraction Methods: A Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"Tabassum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4103\/jips.jips_225_17","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of three noninvasive gingival displacement systems: An in vivo study","volume":"18","author":"Thimmappa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1967.38.6.610","article-title":"The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems","volume":"38","author":"Loe","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(91)90059-6","article-title":"Gingival enhancement in fixed prosthodontics. Part. I: Clinical findings","volume":"65","author":"Sorensen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(00)70086-2","article-title":"Clinical performance and periodontal outcome of temporary crowns and fixed partial dentures: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"83","author":"Luthardt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s13191-012-0140-y","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of three new gingival retraction systems: A research report","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2018.05.010","article-title":"Comparison of four cordless gingival displacement systems: A clinical study","volume":"121","author":"Rayyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2368","article-title":"Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Gingival Retraction using Polyvinyl Acetate Strips and Conventional Retraction Cord\u2014An in Vivo Study","volume":"7","author":"Shivasakthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2013.08.009","article-title":"A clinical comparison of cordless and conventional displacement systems regarding clinical performance and impression quality","volume":"111","author":"Acar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zemouri, C., Jakubovics, N.S., Crielaard, W., Zaura, E., Dodds, M., Schelkle, B., and Loos, B.G. (2019). Resistance and resilience to experimental gingivitis: A systematic scoping review. BMC Oral Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0889-z"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13358","article-title":"Salivary proteotypes of gingivitis tolerance and resilience","volume":"47","author":"Bostanci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2011.01719.x","article-title":"Gingival tissue transcriptomes in experimental gingivitis","volume":"38","author":"Jonsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12588","article-title":"Identification of inflammatory response patterns in experimental gingivitis studies","volume":"127","author":"Nascimento","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01543.x","article-title":"Changes in gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory mediator levels during the induction and resolution of experimental gingivitis in humans","volume":"37","author":"Offenbacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"65","article-title":"Oral and Blood Neutrophil Activation States during Experimental Gingivitis","volume":"3","author":"Wellappuli","year":"2018","journal-title":"JDR Clin. Trans. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"248","article-title":"The effect of displacement time on gingival crevice width","volume":"10","author":"Baharav","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1997.tb01074.x","article-title":"The closure of the gingival crevice following gingival retraction for impression making","volume":"24","author":"Laufer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.02.015","article-title":"Qualitative computer aided evaluation of dental impressions in vivo","volume":"22","author":"Luthardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.11607\/ijp.3752","article-title":"Performance of fast-setting impression materials in the reproduction of subgingival tooth surfaces without soft tissue retraction","volume":"27","author":"Rudolph","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/13\/2747\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:21:27Z","timestamp":1760163687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/13\/2747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10132747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10132747","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]}}}