{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1788280478424,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Basic Science Research Program through the NRF of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1D1A1B07045645"]}]},{"name":"Hallym University Research Fund","award":["Hallym University Research Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hallym University Research Fund"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroimaging and neuropsychological investigations have indicated that migraineurs exhibit frontal lobe-related cognitive impairment. We investigated whether orbitofrontal and dorsolateral functioning differed between individuals with episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM), focusing on orbitofrontal dysfunction because it is implicated in migraine chronification and medication overuse headache (MOH) in migraineurs. This cross-sectional study recruited women with CM with\/without MOH (CM + MOH, CM \u2212 MOH), EM, and control participants who were matched in terms of age and education. We conducted neuropsychological assessments of frontal lobe function via the Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). We enrolled 36 CM (19 CM + MOH, 17 CM \u2212 MOH), 30 EM, and 30 control participants. The CM patients performed significantly (p &lt; 0.01) worse on the TMT A and B than the EM patients and the control participants. The WCST also revealed significant differences, with poorer performance in the CM patients versus the EM patients and the control participants. However, the net scores on the IGT did not significantly differ among the three groups. Our findings suggest that the CM patients exhibited frontal lobe dysfunction, and, particularly, dorsolateral dysfunction. However, we found no differences in frontal lobe function according to the presence or absence of MOH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T11:01:38Z","timestamp":1624532498000},"page":"2779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Differences in Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in Patients with Episodic and Chronic Migraine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sang-Hwa","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24523, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24523, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonkyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24523, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minji","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24523, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24523, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24523, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2656-9222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Hee","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24523, Korea"},{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24523, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"422","article-title":"The impact of cognitive symptoms on migraine attack-related disability","volume":"36","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Clinical description of attack-related cognitive symptoms in migraine: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0933-4","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction and migraine","volume":"19","author":"Vuralli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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