{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:17:09Z","timestamp":1791818229233,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myeloid malignancies arise from an altered hematopoietic stem cell and mainly comprise acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, myeloproliferative malignancies, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Myeloid neoplastic leukemic cells may influence the growth and differentiation of other hematopoietic cell lineages in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) display immunoregulatory properties by controlling the innate and adaptive immune systems that may induce a tolerant and supportive microenvironment for neoplasm development. This review analyzes the main features of MDSCs and MSCs in myeloid malignancies. The number of MDSCs is elevated in myeloid malignancies exhibiting high immunosuppressive capacities, whereas MSCs, in addition to their immunosuppression contribution, regulate myeloid leukemia cell proliferation, apoptosis, and chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, MSCs may promote MDSC expansion, which may mutually contribute to the creation of an immuno-tolerant neoplasm microenvironment. Understanding the implication of MDSCs and MSCs in myeloid malignancies may favor their potential use in immunotherapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T23:22:14Z","timestamp":1624576934000},"page":"2788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells in Myeloid Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Suncica","family":"Kapor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital Center \u201cDr Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje\u201d, Department of Hematology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9951-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan F.","family":"Santibanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Oncology Group, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Centro Integrativo de Biolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, 8370993 Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17002","DOI":"10.1038\/cddiscovery.2017.2","article-title":"Haematopoietic stem cells: Past, present and future","volume":"3","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.160","article-title":"Navigating the bone marrow niche: Translational insights and cancer-driven dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Reagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1744850","article-title":"The bone marrow stromal niche: A therapeutic target of hematological myeloid malignancies","volume":"24","author":"Behrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2021.12578","article-title":"New progress in the study of germline susceptibility genes of myeloid neoplasms","volume":"21","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802740","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Linking inflammation and cancer","volume":"182","author":"Sinha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00172","article-title":"MDSCs: Key criminals of tumor pre-metastatic niche formation","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638841","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.638841","article-title":"Interaction Between MDSC and NK Cells in Solid and Hematological Malignancies: Impact on HSCT","volume":"12","author":"Tumino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2395","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Uccelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09262","article-title":"Mesenchymal and haematopoietic stem cells form a unique bone marrow niche","volume":"466","author":"Michurina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2016.51.4.225","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells in myeloid malignancies","volume":"51","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2014.987141","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Their role in the pathophysiology of hematologic malignancies and potential as therapeutic targets","volume":"56","author":"Younos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3581","article-title":"History of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"13","author":"Talmadge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2013.29","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer: Recent progress and prospects","volume":"91","author":"Khaled","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0297","article-title":"Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells","volume":"5","author":"Gabrilovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H.X., Kim, T.S., and Poh, C.L. (2020). Understanding the Differentiation, Expansion, Recruitment and Suppressive Activities of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103599"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80005","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment: Expect the unexpected","volume":"125","author":"Marvel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12150","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12150","article-title":"Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and characterization standards","volume":"7","author":"Bronte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e1004983","article-title":"Phenotype, development, and biological function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-011-1028-0","article-title":"Elevated myeloid-derived suppressor cells in pancreatic, esophageal and gastric cancer are an independent prognostic factor and are associated with significant elevation of the Th2 cytokine interleukin-13","volume":"60","author":"Gabitass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26123","article-title":"Circulating and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cell subsets in patients with bladder cancer","volume":"130","author":"Eruslanov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29297","article-title":"Elevated chronic inflammatory factors and myeloid-derived suppressor cells indicate poor prognosis in advanced melanoma patients","volume":"136","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-019-0083-6","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell perspective: Cell biology to clinical progress","volume":"4","author":"Pittenger","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2017.260","article-title":"Roles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration and Immunomodulation","volume":"27","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-11-696070","article-title":"The microenvironment in human myeloid malignancies: Emerging concepts and therapeutic implications","volume":"129","author":"Medyouf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement","volume":"8","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090504","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Caplan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-004-8183-7","article-title":"T cell responses to allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells: Immunogenicity, tolerance, and suppression","volume":"12","author":"Klyushnenkova","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.026","article-title":"SLAM family receptors distinguish hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and reveal endothelial niches for stem cells","volume":"121","author":"Kiel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34434","article-title":"Transcriptional profile of native CD271+ multipotential stromal cells: Evidence for multiple fates, with prominent osteogenic and Wnt pathway signaling activity","volume":"64","author":"Churchman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1941","article-title":"Prospectively Isolated Human Bone Marrow Cell-Derived MSCs Support Primitive Human CD34-Negative Hematopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"33","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20122252","article-title":"PDGFR\u03b1 and CD51 mark human Nestin+ sphere-forming mesenchymal stem cells capable of hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion","volume":"210","author":"Pinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30015","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226215","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Effects of Tumor Support or Suppression","volume":"16","author":"Rhee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"321","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment: Bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells as key players","volume":"1836","author":"Gori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689719837897","article-title":"The Pros and Cons of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies","volume":"28","author":"Kot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00447","article-title":"The Multifaceted Roles of MSCs in the Tumor Microenvironment: Interactions with Immune Cells and Exploitation for Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Papait","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0333-1","article-title":"Immunosuppression mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during tumour progression","volume":"120","author":"Groth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-018-0531-9","article-title":"Roles of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer Metastasis: Immunosuppression and Beyond","volume":"67","author":"Eskian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"394917","article-title":"Immunoregulation by mesenchymal stem cells: Biological aspects and clinical applications","volume":"2015","author":"Montesinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637725","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.637725","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: An Update","volume":"9","author":"Tunger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-011-9319-9","article-title":"Unresolved inflammation and cancer: Loss of natural immune surveillance as the correct \u201ctarget\u201d for therapy! Seeing the \u201cElephant\u201d in the light of logic","volume":"62","author":"Khatami","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23206","article-title":"Myeloid derived suppressor cells in cancer, premalignancy and inflammation: A roadmap to cancer immunoprevention","volume":"59","author":"Sivagnanalingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03048-x","article-title":"Immunosenescence: The potential role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in age-related immune deficiency","volume":"76","author":"Salminen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1876401001706010001","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Interplay in Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Santibanez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Cancer Immunol. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1016700","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1016700","article-title":"Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment: Tumor-induced immunosuppressive factors paralyze T cells","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30232","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as effectors of immune suppression in cancer","volume":"139","author":"Pyzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-031856","article-title":"L-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression","volume":"109","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxf081","article-title":"Analysis of the mechanisms of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte response inhibition by NO","volume":"14","author":"Blesson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900092","article-title":"regulating reactive oxygen species in tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"182","author":"Corzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2012.673191","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and anti-tumor T cells: A complex relationship","volume":"41","author":"Monu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"4756","article-title":"Activated granulocytes and granulocyte-derived hydrogen peroxide are the underlying mechanism of suppression of t-cell function in advanced cancer patients","volume":"61","author":"Schmielau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902661","article-title":"Mechanism of T cell tolerance induced by myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"184","author":"Nagaraj","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01371","article-title":"Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Tumors: From Mechanisms to Antigen Specificity and Microenvironmental Regulation","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-0843-1","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells-new and exciting players in lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01680","article-title":"The New Era of Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Overcome Immune Evasion","volume":"11","author":"Ercolano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.01.002","article-title":"IDO in the Tumor Microenvironment: Inflammation, Counter-Regulation, and Tolerance","volume":"37","author":"Munn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48635-x","article-title":"Exhaustion of CD4+ T-cells mediated by the Kynurenine Pathway in Melanoma","volume":"9","author":"Morikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00151","article-title":"The Role of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Cancer Development, Diagnostics, and Therapy","volume":"9","author":"Dobos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2587","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T-cell activation by depleting cystine and cysteine","volume":"70","author":"Srivastava","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00939-6","article-title":"Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20131916","article-title":"PD-L1 is a novel direct target of HIF-1\u03b1, and its blockade under hypoxia enhanced MDSC-mediated T cell activation","volume":"211","author":"Noman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1247135","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2016.1247135","article-title":"The expression profiles and regulation of PD-L1 in tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-1792","article-title":"Monocytic CCR2+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote immune escape by limiting activated CD8 T-cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment","volume":"72","author":"Lesokhin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804253","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells down-regulate L-selectin expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells","volume":"183","author":"Hanson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2347","article-title":"HMGB1 enhances immune suppression by facilitating the differentiation and suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"74","author":"Parker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(03)00110-3","article-title":"HLA expression and immunologic properties of differentiated and undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"31","author":"Tammik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.5581\/1516-8484.20130017","article-title":"Immunological characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"35","author":"Machado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Hematol. Hemoter."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocit.2014.12.001","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: Immunomodulatory capability and clinical potential in immune diseases","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-04-1559","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses","volume":"105","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01135","article-title":"The Yin and Yang of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment: Pros and Cons of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Ciciarello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01191","article-title":"Immunomodulation by Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs): Mechanisms of Action of Living, Apoptotic, and Dead MSCs","volume":"10","author":"Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2062","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.327","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and immunomodulation: Current status and future prospects","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000082540.43730.80","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the formation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, but not activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells","volume":"76","author":"Rasmusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200738129","article-title":"IFN-gamma activation of mesenchymal stem cells for treatment and prevention of graft versus host disease","volume":"38","author":"Polchert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.01.002","article-title":"Enhanced Immunosuppressive Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Primed by Interferon-\u03b3","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-11-3909","article-title":"Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan degradation","volume":"103","author":"Meisel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell, C.R., Djonov, V., and Volarevic, V. (2021). The Cross-Talk between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Immune Cells in Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052472"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2014.07.004","article-title":"Tryptophan concentration is the main mediator of the capacity of adipose mesenchymal stromal cells to inhibit T-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Menta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laing, A.G., Fanelli, G., Ramirez-Valdez, A., Lechler, R.I., Lombardi, G., and Sharpe, P.T. (2019). Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit T-cell function through conserved induction of cellular stress. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213170"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-1656","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells use IDO to regulate immunity in tumor microenvironment","volume":"74","author":"Ling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2013.149","article-title":"Phylogenetic distinction of iNOS and IDO function in mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression in mammalian species","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.047100","article-title":"Prostaglandins and cancer","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.015","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-Dependent Tumor Growth through Evasion of Immunity","volume":"162","author":"Zelenay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouffi, C., Bony, C., Courties, G., Jorgensen, C., and No\u00ebl, D. (2010). IL-6-dependent PGE2 secretion by mesenchymal stem cells inhibits local inflammation in experimental arthritis. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014247"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718780304","article-title":"Preconditioning Enhances the Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Colitis Through PGE2-Mediated T-Cell Modulation","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/10245332.2017.1333245","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 mediates the immunosuppression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on T-lymphocytes in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000045055.63901.A9","article-title":"Suppression of allogeneic T-cell proliferation by human marrow stromal cells: Implications in transplantation","volume":"75","author":"Tse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2010.06.006","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells use PGE2 to modulate activation and proliferation of lymphocyte subsets: Combined comparison of adipose tissue, Wharton\u2019s Jelly and bone marrow sources","volume":"264","author":"Najar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26298","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26298","article-title":"PGE2 maintains self-renewal of human adult stem cells via EP2-mediated autocrine signaling and its production is regulated by cell-to-cell contact","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2011.04.001","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells up-regulate CD39 and increase adenosine production to suppress activated T-lymphocytes","volume":"7","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3727\/096368910X546553","article-title":"Inhibition of T-cell proliferation by murine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells is mediated by CD39 expression and adenosine generation","volume":"20","author":"Sattler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2015.06.005","article-title":"The MSC curtain that stops the immune system","volume":"168","author":"Caplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4707","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-04-1407","article-title":"Activation of Th1 and Tc1 cell adenosine A2A receptors directly inhibits IL-2 secretion in vitro and IL-2-driven expansion in vivo","volume":"105","author":"Erdmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2020.07.001","article-title":"Targeting CD73 to augment cancer immunotherapy","volume":"53","author":"Roh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00823","article-title":"The Structural Biology of Galectin-Ligand Recognition: Current Advances in Modeling Tools, Protein Engineering, and Inhibitor Design","volume":"7","author":"Modenutti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2010.869","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated T cell suppression occurs through secreted galectins","volume":"38","author":"Sioud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2015.12.004","article-title":"Galectin-1 is a local but not systemic immunomodulatory factor in mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"18","author":"Szebeni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2015.15.5.241","article-title":"Galectin-9 is Involved in Immunosuppression Mediated by Human Bone Marrow-derived Clonal Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2509","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell secretion of programmed death-1 ligands regulates T cell mediated immunosuppression","volume":"35","author":"Davies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425405","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation by activation of the programmed death 1 pathway","volume":"35","author":"Augello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.80","article-title":"A critical role of IFNgamma in priming MSC-mediated suppression of T cell proliferation through up-regulation of B7-H1","volume":"18","author":"Sheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2015.07.018","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 and tumor necrosis factor-a promote the ability of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells to express programmed death ligand-2 and induce the differentiation of CD4(+)interleukin-10(+) and CD8(+)interleukin-10(+)Treg subsets","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2012.09.002","article-title":"Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells suppress T cell proliferation and support the culture expansion of cord blood CD34? cells: A comparison with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"45","author":"Luan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Zaidi, M. (2020). The Bone Marrow Stromal Niche: A New Master Regulator of Hematological Myeloid Malignancies. Encyclopedia of Bone Biology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdl443","article-title":"Epidemiology of hematological malignancies","volume":"18","author":"Bordoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1002\/acg2.78","article-title":"Update on the classification of myeloid neoplasms: The 2016 revised World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"3","author":"Sangiorgio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Cell Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018019224","article-title":"Validation of the 2017 revision of the WHO chronic myelomonocytic leukemia categories","volume":"14","author":"Loghavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2725-4","article-title":"Role of the microenvironment in myeloid malignancies","volume":"75","author":"Goulard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e441","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2016.50","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemia: A comprehensive review and 2016 update","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2004.10.012","article-title":"The molecular pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"56","author":"Steffen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"73","author":"Weisdorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14274","article-title":"FLT3 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: Therapeutic paradigm beyond inhibitor development","volume":"111","author":"Kiyoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.103164","article-title":"Immune evasion mechanisms in Acute Myeloid Leukemia; a focus on immune checkpoint pathways","volume":"157","author":"Taghiloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-015-1865-2","article-title":"Increase in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) associated with minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in adult acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"102","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7363084","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7363084","article-title":"Circulating Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Are Elevated and Associated with Poor Prognosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2020.200719","article-title":"Increased Levels of Circulating Monocytic- and Early-Stage Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"67","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7007","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3360","article-title":"Immunosuppressive role of CD11b+ CD33+ HLA-DR\u2212 myeloid-derived suppressor cells-like blast subpopulation in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Hyun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-0024","article-title":"Palmitoylated Proteins on AML-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Differentiation via TLR2\/Akt\/mTOR Signaling","volume":"80","author":"Tohumeken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-07-730614","article-title":"MUC1-mediated induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"129","author":"Pyzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-008-0030-6","article-title":"Effects of human bone marrow stromal cell line (HFCL) on the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cell lines U937, HL-60 and HL-60\/VCR","volume":"87","author":"Liang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1042\/CBI20110595","article-title":"Human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSC) inhibit the proliferation of K562 (human erythromyeloblastoid leukaemic cell line)","volume":"36","author":"Fonseka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2014.11.004","article-title":"c-Myc plays part in drug resistance mediated by bone marrow stromal cells in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"39","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402608","article-title":"Stromal cells prevent apoptosis of AML cells by up-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins","volume":"16","author":"Konopleva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21713","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7964","article-title":"Notch signalling drives bone marrow stromal cell-mediated chemoresistance in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"7","author":"Bassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00106","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells support survival and proliferation of primary human acute myeloid leukemia cells through heterogeneous molecular mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Brenner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-472X(01)00612-9","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemia cells are protected from spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis by direct contact with a human bone marrow stromal cell line (HS-5)","volume":"29","author":"Garrido","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-511527","article-title":"Reciprocal leukemia-stroma VCAM-1\/VLA-4-dependent activation of NF-\u03baB mediates chemoresistance","volume":"123","author":"Jacamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2015.17","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from acute myeloid leukemia bone marrow exhibit aberrant cytogenetics and cytokine elaboration","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2008.361","article-title":"Both expanded and uncultured mesenchymal stem cells from MDS patients are genomically abnormal, showing a specific genetic profile for the 5q-syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2014.110","article-title":"CXCL12+ stromal cells as bone marrow niche for CD34+ 129-hematopoietic cells and their association with disease progression in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"94","author":"Kurata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-343467","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia patients have distinct genetic abnormalities compared with leukemic blasts","volume":"118","author":"Blau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.324","article-title":"Molecular alterations in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells derived from acute myeloid leukemia patients","volume":"31","author":"Neumann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.325","article-title":"Functional inhibition of mesenchymal stromal cells in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"30","author":"Geyh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-3379","article-title":"Microenvironmental remodeling as a parameter and prognostic factor of heterogeneous leukemogenesis in acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.04.019","article-title":"Detailed Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells from a Large Cohort of AML Patients Demonstrates a Definitive Link to Treatment Outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Lavoie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-07-655860","article-title":"Protective mitochondrial transfer from bone marrow stromal cells to acute myeloid leukemic cells during chemotherapy","volume":"128","author":"Moschoi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-03-772939","article-title":"NADPH oxidase-2 derived superoxide drives mitochondrial transfer from bone marrow stromal cells to leukemic blasts","volume":"130","author":"Marlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2014.49.4.216","article-title":"Pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes: An overview of molecular and non-molecular aspects of the disease","volume":"49","author":"Visconte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-03-643544","article-title":"The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia","volume":"127","author":"Arber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greil, R., Pleyer, L., Neureiter, D., and Faber, V. (2010). Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Chronic Myeloid Neoplasias and Clonal Overlap Syndromes: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Treatment Options, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-79892-8"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222861110","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell and progenitor cell mechanisms in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"110","author":"Pang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24984","article-title":"Cause of death in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Dayyani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197605000-00005","article-title":"Causes of death in adults with acute leukemia","volume":"55","author":"Chang","year":"1976","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22570","article-title":"Myelodysplastic syndromes: Incidence and survival in the United States","volume":"109","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-016-0263-4","article-title":"Azacitidine front-line in 339 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia: Comparison of French-American-British and World Health Organization classifications","volume":"9","author":"Pleyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2000.01868.x","article-title":"Incidence, characterization and prognostic significance of chromosomal abnormalities in 640 patients with primary myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"108","author":"Espinet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1013343","article-title":"Clinical effect of point mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"364","author":"Bejar","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-10-844654","article-title":"The central role of inflammatory signaling in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"133","author":"Sallman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2007.07.021","article-title":"The pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)","volume":"33","author":"Platzbecker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2015.05.016","article-title":"Deconstructing innate immune signaling in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"43","author":"Varney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07593.x","article-title":"IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells, pro-inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis are increased in low risk myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"145","author":"Kordasti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2506","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system","volume":"9","author":"Gabrilovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1062208","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1062208","article-title":"Expansion of myeloid derived suppressor cells correlates with number of T regulatory cells and disease progression in myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Kittang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67580","article-title":"Induction of myelodysplasia by myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2012.03566.x","article-title":"S100A9 a new marker for monocytic human myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"136","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2020.1817431","article-title":"Increased myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes suppress CD8+ T lymphocyte function through the STAT3-ARG1 pathway","volume":"62","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425920961157","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cell cytokine secretion as prognostic factor in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP71OPHKOTLSUG","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell density is increased in higher grade myelodysplastic syndromes and independently predicts survival","volume":"142","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-1013-z","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells from myelodysplastic and acute myeloid leukemia patients display in vitro reduced proliferative potential and similar capacity to support leukemia cell survival","volume":"9","author":"Corradi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190802455875","article-title":"Immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow of patient with hematological malignant diseases","volume":"49","author":"Yong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2014.08.008","article-title":"Polymeric nanoparticle-mediated silencing of CD44 receptor in CD34 acute myeloid leukemia cells","volume":"38","author":"Kucharski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208405","article-title":"Mesenchymal cells generated from patients with myelodysplastic syndromes are devoid of chromosomal clonal markers and support short- and long-term hematopoiesis in vitro","volume":"24","author":"Tourino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.08.030","article-title":"Functional characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"317","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2011.0390","article-title":"Intrinsic growth deficiencies of mesenchymal stromal cells in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"21","author":"Aanei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.193","article-title":"Insufficient stromal support in MDS results from molecular and functional deficits of mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"27","author":"Geyh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2017.08.004","article-title":"Coexistence of aberrant hematopoietic and stromal elements in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"66","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0310-y","article-title":"Bone marrow MSCs in MDS: Contribution towards dysfunctional hematopoiesis and potential targets for disease response to hypomethylating therapy","volume":"33","author":"Poon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2009.0286","article-title":"Reserves, functional, immunoregulatory, and cytogenetic properties of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"19","author":"Klaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0283","article-title":"Impaired proliferative potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes is associated with abnormal WNT signaling pathway","volume":"23","author":"Pavlaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12385","article-title":"Senescence of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells is accompanied by activation of p53\/p21 pathway in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"93","author":"Fei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.02.014","article-title":"Myelodysplastic cells in patients reprogram mesenchymal stromal cells to establish a transplantable stem cell niche disease unit","volume":"14","author":"Medyouf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fattizzo, B., Giannotta, J.A., and Barcellini, W. (2020). Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Aplastic Anemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes: The \u201cSeed and Soil\u201d Crosstalk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155438"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2006.12.016","article-title":"Impairment in immuno-modulatory function of Flk1(+)CD31(\u2212)CD34(\u2212) MSCs from MDS-RA patients","volume":"31","author":"Han","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15548","article-title":"Mesenchymal COX2-PG secretome engages NR4A-WNT signalling axis in haematopoietic progenitors to suppress anti-leukaemia immunity","volume":"183","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000218","article-title":"New molecular genetics in the diagnosis and treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"23","author":"Passamonti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-209262","article-title":"The 2008 Revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: Rationale and important changes","volume":"114","author":"Vardiman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minciacchi, V.R., Kumar, R., and Krause, D.S. (2021). Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Model Disease of the Past, Present and Future. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010117"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-016-0108-0","article-title":"The Philadelphia chromosome in leukemogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-018-0474-6","article-title":"Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Beyond BCR-ABL1","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-015-2314-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic myeloid leukaemia: An update","volume":"94","author":"Sandin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-1101","article-title":"BCR\/ABL and other kinases from chronic myeloproliferative disorders stimulate single-strand annealing, an unfaithful DNA double-strand break repair","volume":"68","author":"Cramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26679","article-title":"Estimations of the increasing prevalence and plateau prevalence of chronic myeloid leukemia in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25011","article-title":"Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2018 update on diagnosis, therapy and monitoring","volume":"93","author":"Jabbour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62120-0","article-title":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia","volume":"385","author":"Apperley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2015.16.17.7415","article-title":"Chronic Myeloid Leukemia\u2014Prognostic Value of Mutations","volume":"16","author":"Kaleem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-292433","article-title":"CBL, CBLB, TET2, ASXL1, and IDH1\/2 mutations and additional chromosomal aberrations constitute molecular events in chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"117","author":"Makishima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00939","article-title":"BCR-ABL independent mechanisms of resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Loscocco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-745992","article-title":"CML patients with deep molecular responses to TKI have restored immune effectors and decreased PD-1 and immune suppressors","volume":"129","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giallongo, C., Romano, A., Parrinello, N.L., La Cava, P., Brundo, M.V., Bramanti, V., Stagno, F., Vigneri, P., Chiarenza, A., and Palumbo, G.A. (2016). Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) regulate activation of Granulocyte-like Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (G-MDSC) in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158392"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2019.1658098","article-title":"The interaction of tumor cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christiansson, L., Soderlund, S., Svensson, E., Mustjoki, S., Bengtsson, M., Simonsson, B., Olsson-Str\u00f6mberg, U., and Loskog, A.S. (2013). Increased level of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, programmed death receptor ligand 1\/programmed death receptor 1, and soluble CD25 in Sokal high risk chronic myeloid leukemia. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055818"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13326","article-title":"Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells as prognostic factor in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients treated with dasatinib","volume":"22","author":"Giallongo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giallongo, C., Parrinello, N., Tibullo, D., La Cava, P., Romano, A., Chiarenza, A., Barbagallo, I., Palumbo, G.A., Stagno, F., and Vigneri, P. (2014). Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are increased and exert immunosuppressive activity together with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101848"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-021-03117-7","article-title":"Treatment-free remission and immunity in chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"113","author":"Ureshino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-016-2028-9","article-title":"High IL-7 levels in the bone marrow microenvironment mediate imatinib resistance and predict disease progression in chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12167","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.008037","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells promote resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia via the IL-7\/JAK1\/STAT5 pathway","volume":"294","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-07-0042","article-title":"CXCR4 up-regulation by Imatinib induces chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell migration to bone marrow stroma and promotes survival of quiescent CML cells","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2009.017178","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells non-selectively protect chronic myeloid leukemia cells from imatinib-induced apoptosis via the CXCR4\/CXCL12 axis","volume":"95","author":"Vianello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404489","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells inhibit proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells: Impact on in vivo tumor growth","volume":"21","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"29","article-title":"Influence of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on proliferation of chronic myeloid leukemia cells","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_200","first-page":"207","article-title":"The interferon-alpha revival in CML","volume":"Volume 94","author":"Hehlmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chronic Myeloid Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2013.2518","article-title":"Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia on the growth and apoptosis of leukemia cells","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-018-0054-y","article-title":"The 2016 WHO Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Document Summary and in-Depth Discussion","volume":"8","author":"Barbui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1406186","article-title":"Myeloproliferative Neoplasms","volume":"376","author":"Spivak","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasillo, V., Riva, G., Paolini, A., Forghieri, F., Roncati, L., Lusenti, B., Maccaferri, M., Messerotti, A., Pioli, V., and Gilioli, A. (2021). Inflammatory Microenvironment and Specific T Cells in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Immunopathogenesis and Novel Immunotherapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041906"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-05-579136","article-title":"Long-Term Survival and Blast Transformation in Molecularly Annotated Essential Thrombocythemia, Polycythemia Vera, and Myelofibrosis","volume":"124","author":"Tefferi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100706","article-title":"Epidemiology of the Classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: The Four Corners of an Expansive and Complex Map","volume":"42","author":"Shallis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.7968","article-title":"Genomics of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms","volume":"35","author":"Zoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.120","article-title":"Age, JAK2 V617F and SF3B1 mutations are the main predicting factors for survival in refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts and marked thrombocytosis","volume":"27","author":"Alpermann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145293","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/145293","article-title":"Pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms: Role and mechanisms of chronic inflammation","volume":"2015","author":"Hermouet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-014-0227-0","article-title":"An immune dysregulation in MPN","volume":"9","author":"Barosi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2016.02.004","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3530","article-title":"Leptin-receptor-expressing bone marrow stromal cells are myofibroblasts in primary myelofibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Decker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, T.L., S\u00e1nchez-Abarca, L.I., and Ros\u00f3n-Burgo, B. (2017). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from JAK2+ myeloproliferative neoplasms differ from normal MSC and contribute to the maintenance of neoplastic hematopoiesis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182470"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-014-0092-2","article-title":"Activated fibronectin-secretory phenotype of mesenchymal stromal cells in pre-fibrotic myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"7","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-3696","article-title":"Osteogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Contributes to Primary Myelofibrosis","volume":"75","author":"Martinaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2015.02.014","article-title":"Normal and Leukemic Stem Cell Niches: Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Schepers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347270","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/347270","article-title":"The hematopoietic niche in myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"2015","author":"Nitschke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.06.009","article-title":"Myeloproliferative neoplasia remodels the endosteal bone marrow niche into a self-reinforcing leukemic niche","volume":"13","author":"Schepers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13383","article-title":"Neuropathy of haematopoietic stem cell niche is essential for myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"512","author":"Arranz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-4002","article-title":"Bone marrow stroma-secreted cytokines protect JAK2(V617F)-mutated cells from the effects of a JAK2 inhibitor","volume":"71","author":"Manshouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2013.06.006","article-title":"K Multipotent human mesenchymal stromal cells mediate expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells via hepatocyte growth factor\/c-met and STAT3","volume":"1","author":"Yen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202775","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells tune the development of monocyte-derived dendritic cells toward a myeloid-derived suppressive phenotype through growth-regulated oncogene chemokines","volume":"190","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85764","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7969","article-title":"Granulocyte-like myeloid derived suppressor cells (G-MDSC) are increased in multiple myeloma and are driven by dysfunctional mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)","volume":"7","author":"Giallongo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.01.027","article-title":"The pathogenesis of the bone disease of multiple myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130155","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130155","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells shape the MDS microenvironment by inducing suppressive monocytes that dampen NK cell function","volume":"5","author":"Sarhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2012.02.008","article-title":"New insights into chronic inflammation-induced immunosuppression","volume":"22","author":"Kanterman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000168","article-title":"Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Hematologic Diseases: Promising Biomarkers and Treatment Targets","volume":"3","author":"Bizymi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3364","article-title":"Differential regulation of myeloid leukemias by the bone marrow microenvironment","volume":"19","author":"Krause","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-017-2266-5","article-title":"Impact of inflammation on early hematopoiesis and the microenvironment","volume":"106","author":"Takizawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craver, B.M., El Alaoui, K., Scherber, R.M., and Fleischman, A.G. (2018). The Critical Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Myeloid Malignancies. Cancers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10040104"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0432-9","article-title":"CD33\/CD3-bispecific T-cell engaging (BiTE\u00ae) antibody construct targets monocytic AML myeloid-derived suppressor cells","volume":"6","author":"Jitschin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e348","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2015.73","article-title":"Bispecific antibody releasing-mesenchymal stromal cell machinery for retargeting T cells towards acute myeloid leukemia blasts","volume":"5","author":"Aliperta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.109314","article-title":"Effect of transforming growth factor-beta receptor I kinase inhibitor 2,4-disubstituted pteridine (SD-208) in chronic allergic airway inflammation and remodeling","volume":"319","author":"Leung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Exp."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.186734","article-title":"Transforming growth factor \u03b21-mediated functional inhibition of mesenchymal stromal cells in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"103","author":"Geyh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-10-4169","article-title":"Role of transforming growth factor-beta in hematologic malignancies","volume":"107","author":"Dong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mojsilovic, S., Mojsilovic, S.S., Bjelica, S., and Santibanez, J.F. (2021). Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: A Cancerous Partnership. Dev. Dyn.","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.339"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1744568","article-title":"TGF-beta: A master immune regulator","volume":"24","author":"Larson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, T., Yu, S., Liu, L., Xue, F., Yuan, C., Wang, M., Ji, C., and Ma, D. (2015). The profile of T helper subsets in bone marrow microenvironment is distinct for different stages of acute myeloid leukemia patients and chemotherapy partly ameliorates these variations. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131761"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-11-060087","article-title":"Interaction between B7-H1 and PD-1 determines initiation and reversal of T-cell anergy","volume":"110","author":"Tsushima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmstr\u00f6m, M.O., Hasselbalch, H.C., and Andersen, M.H. (2020). Cancer Immune Therapy for Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071763"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0746-1","article-title":"Immune checkpoint blockade and CAR-T cell therapy in hematologic malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_242","first-page":"370","article-title":"Efficacy, Safety, and Biomarkers of Response to Azacitidine and Nivolumab in Relapsed\/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Non-randomized, Open-label, Phase 2 Study","volume":"9","author":"Ning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaam7729","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam7729","article-title":"Oncogenic JAK2V617F Causes PD-L1 Expression, Mediating Immune Escape in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms","volume":"10","author":"Prestipino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.2174\/1574888X11666161226150159","article-title":"Current status of leukemia cytotherapy\u2014Exploitation with immune cells","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30729-6","article-title":"CAR T-Cell Product Performance in Haematological Malignancies before and after Marketing Authorisation","volume":"21","author":"Elsallab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618387","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.618387","article-title":"Befriending the Hostile Tumor Microenvironment in CAR T-Cell Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Lindo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain (CD123) is widely expressed in hematologic malignancies","volume":"86","author":"Carnicer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3138","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-12-474056","article-title":"T cells expressing CD123-specific chimeric antigen receptors exhibit specific cytolytic effector functions and antitumor effects against human acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"122","author":"Mardiros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.62","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptors against CD33\/CD123 antigens efficiently target primary acute myeloid leukemia cells in vivo","volume":"28","author":"Pizzitola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_250","first-page":"1917","article-title":"Anti-CD123 CAR T-cell therapy for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"130","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-09-458935","article-title":"Selective killing of candidate AML stem cells by antibody targeting of IL1RAP","volume":"121","author":"Askmyr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004408107","article-title":"Isolation and killing of candidate chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells by antibody targeting of IL-1 receptor accessory protein","volume":"107","author":"Johnels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-1078","article-title":"CML Hematopoietic Stem Cells Expressing IL1RAP Can Be Targeted by Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered T Cells","volume":"79","author":"Warda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.025","article-title":"MDSC targeting with Gemtuzumab ozogamicin restores T cell immunity and immunotherapy against cancers","volume":"47","author":"Fultang","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6616391","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6616391","article-title":"T Cell Exhaustion and CAR-T Immunotherapy in Hematological Malignancies","volume":"2021","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hombach, A.A., Geumann, U., G\u00fcnther, C., Hermann, F.G., and Abken, H. (2020). IL7-IL12 Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Improve A CAR T Cell Attack Against Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040873"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/13\/2788\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:23:32Z","timestamp":1760163812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/13\/2788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"references-count":256,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10132788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10132788","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]}}}