{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:35:15Z","timestamp":1770752115261,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Binding Site and Biokom","award":["ZEW\/1\/BD\/18\/001\/1198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZEW\/1\/BD\/18\/001\/1198"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by a viral infection which may be associated with increased synthesis of immunoglobulins. It can lead to inter alia, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), or even death and, unfortunately, treatment is only symptomatic. Therefore, the aim of the present study was assessment of the concentrations of free light chains (FLC) kappa (\u03ba) and lambda (\u03bb in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with TBE. Methods: A total of 58 cerebrospinal fluid and serum sample pairs were analyzed. Samples were collected from patients with TBE before and after treatment. FLC were measured using the turbidimetric method. The values of \u03baIgG-index, \u03bbIgG-index, \u03baFLC-index and \u03bbFLC-index were calculated using relevant formulas. Results: Pre-treatment serum \u03bbFLC concentrations were higher in comparison to post-treatment levels. Moreover, it was observed that CSF \u03bbFLC, TBEV IgM, TBEV IgG, and serum TBEV IgG, as well as the values of \u03bbFLC-index, \u03baFLC-index, and \u03bbIgG-index were elevated after treatment. In the total study group, the concentrations of CSF \u03baFLC and \u03bbFLC, and values of four indexes: \u03baFLC-index, \u03bbFLC-index, \u03baIgG-index, and \u03bbIgG-index correlated with each other and with CSF TBEV IgM and IgG antibodies. The CSF level of TBEV IgG was also associated with serum IgG TBEV and CSF IgM TBEV antibodies. Additionally, serum \u03baFLC correlated with serum and CSF \u03bbFLC. Conclusion: This is the first study that demonstrates statistically significant differences in serum and CSF \u03bbFLC, as well as in the calculated values of three algorithms: \u03bbIgG-index, \u03baFLC-index, and \u03bbIgG-index prior to and following treatment of TBE. Our findings may indicate that these differences reflect the intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulins and increased permeability of BBB in patients with TBE. Moreover, it could provide the basis for developing new therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]],"date-time":"2021-06-29T10:52:46Z","timestamp":1624963966000},"page":"2922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Free Immunoglobulin Light Chains in Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis: Before and after Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4854-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Gudowska-Sawczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Czupryna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. \u017burawia 14, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3994-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Moniuszko-Malinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. \u017burawia 14, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Pancewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. \u017burawia 14, 15-540 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Mroczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-2-155","article-title":"Acute encephalitis\u2014Diagnosis and management","volume":"18","author":"Ellul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.014","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: Review of pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and vaccines","volume":"164","author":"Ruzek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u016f\u017eek, D., Sal\u00e1t, J., Singh, S.K., and Kopeck\u00fd, J. 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