{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:20Z","timestamp":1787028620173,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nowadays, the continuous increase in air pollution has significantly changed air quality, leading to the onset of the so-called urban syndrome (US), an allergic-like conjunctivitis triggered by pollutants. These patients are characterized by persistent dysregulation of ocular surface para-inflammation, causing chronic low-grade inflammation and ocular discomfort, with significant consequences for occupational health and job productivity prospects. This study aims to investigate the effects of topical glycerophosphoinositol (GPI) eye drops on the signs and symptoms of US. Methods: A multicenter prospective open interventional study was performed. Patients affected by US, enrolled from occupational medicine clinics, were treated with eye drops containing 0.001% GPI in 0.2% HA vehicle three times a day. Ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear break-up time (T-BUT), Schirmer test, Oxford score, hyperemia and ocular surface symptoms were recorded at patient enrolment (T0), after 1 week (T1) and after 1 month (T2) of treatment. Results: A total of 113 consecutive patients (226 eyes) were included. OSDI score displayed a significant improvement after one week (T0: 39.9 \u00b1 19, T1: 20.8 \u00b1 17.9, T2: 18.4 \u00b1 15.6, p &lt; 0.0001); T-BUT (T0: 5.2 \u00b1 2, T1: 7.7 \u00b1 2.2, T2: 9.7 \u00b1 1.8, p &lt; 0.0001) and Schirmer Test (T0: 6.6 \u00b1 2.4, T1: 9.7 \u00b1 2.7, T2: 12.6 \u00b1 2.6, p &lt; 0.0001) progressively improved from T0 to T2. Conclusions: trice-daily topic instillation of 0.001% GPI in 0.02% HA vehicle resulted an effective and well tolerated treatment in US patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T04:14:57Z","timestamp":1625804097000},"page":"3048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ocular Surface Failure in Urban Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Antonini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Gaudenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9442-5741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Spelta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7271-0536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Sborgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Poddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Micera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Sciences, IRCCS\u2013Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Sgrulletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3404-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Coassin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Zazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07201","article-title":"Origin and physiological roles of inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002093","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: Current research evidence and its translation","volume":"114","author":"Minihane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. 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