{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:02:51Z","timestamp":1783468971792,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Minister of Science and Higher Education","award":["024\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["024\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, but whether different RAO subtypes such as central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) or branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) carry similar risk of these events is unclear. Our aim was to determine whether the risk of cardiovascular events differs between CRAO and BRAO. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included 131 patients hospitalized in our clinic in 2010\u20132020 with CRAO or BRAO confirmed by ophthalmic examination. Data on demographics, previous ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction, comorbidities, the results of echocardiographic and ultrasound carotid artery examinations and laboratory tests were assessed. Data on ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality occurring after RAO were obtained from the Polish National Health Service, which collects data on all publicly funded hospitalizations. Using these data, Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox proportional hazard regression were performed. Results: Ischemic stroke occurred in 9.9% of patients after RAO: 10.6% in the CRAO group and 8.1% in the BRAO group (p = 0.662). Myocardial infarction occurred in 2.3% of patients after RAO: 2.1% in the CRAO group and 2.7% in the BRAO group (p = 0.843). All-cause mortality occurred in 22.9% of patients after RAO: 25.5% in the CRAO group and 16.2% in the BRAO group (p = 0.253). The composite endpoint of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality after RAO occurred in 28.2% of patients: 30.9% in the CRAO group and 21.6% in the BRAO group (p = 0.338). There was no difference between CRAO and BRAO in median time to ischemic stroke (32 vs. 76.4 months; p = 0.352), all-cause mortality (35.9 vs. 36.3 months; p = 0.876) or composite endpoint (37.5 vs. 41.5 months; p = 0.912) after RAO. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no differences between CRAO and BRAO in ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, all-cause mortality, or the composite endpoint; similar results were obtained in analyses of patients with and without cardiovascular events before RAO. Conclusions: The prognosis for ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality is similar in patients with CRAO and BRAO. Ischemic strokes occur with a similar frequency before and after RAO. Myocardial infarctions are observed significantly more frequently before an episode of RAO than after. The results of our study indicate that both CRAO and BRAO require expanded diagnostics to assess the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events, especially ischemic strokes, to implement appropriate prophylaxis and reduce mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T22:25:31Z","timestamp":1626215131000},"page":"3093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Central and Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion\u2014Do They Harbor the Same Risk of Further Ischemic Events?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9658-5909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Roskal-Wa\u0142ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Voivodeship Regional Hospital, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Wa\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"1st Clinic of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Swietokrzyskie Cardiology Centre, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Biskup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Voivodeship Regional Hospital, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Odrobina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic Boni Fratres Lodziensis, 93-357 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Mackiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"G\u0142uszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Oncological, Endocrinological and General Surgery Clinic, Voivodeship Regional Hospital, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Wo\u017cakowska-Kap\u0142on","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium Medicum, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"1st Clinic of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Swietokrzyskie Cardiology Centre, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.21037\/aes.2018.05.04","article-title":"Acute retinal arterial ischemia","volume":"3","author":"Dattilo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. 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