{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:13:12Z","timestamp":1790363592611,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of axial joints and the pelvis. It is known that intestinal dysbiosis may exert direct pathogenic effects on gut homeostasis and may act as a triggering factor for the host innate immune system to activate and cause inflammation in extraintestinal sites in the so-called \u201cgut-joint axis\u201d, contributing to AS pathogenesis. However, although the intestinal microbiota\u2019s influence on the clinical manifestation of AS is widely accepted, the mechanisms mediating the cross-talk between the intestinal lumen and the immune system are still not completely defined. Recent evidence suggests that the metabolism of microbial species may be a source of metabolites and small molecules participating in the complex network existing between bacteria and host cells. These findings may give inputs for further research of novel pharmacological targets and pave the way to applying dietary interventions to prevent the onset and ameliorate the clinical presentation of the disease. In this review, we discuss the role of some of the biological mediators of microbial origin, with a particular focus on short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan and vitamin B derivatives, and their role in barrier integrity and type 3 immunity in the context of AS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T10:47:46Z","timestamp":1627555666000},"page":"3354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Intestinal Microbial Metabolites in Ankylosing Spondylitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Scalise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Della Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ciancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Della Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Della Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Ciccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Precision Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi Della Campania L. Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40223","article-title":"Review: Metabolic Control of Immune System Activation in Rheumatic Diseases","volume":"69","author":"Perl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.70","article-title":"A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists","volume":"16","author":"Kishton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0395-3","article-title":"Pharmacomicrobiomics in inflammatory arthritis: Gut microbiome as modulator of therapeutic response","volume":"16","author":"Scher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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