{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:11:16Z","timestamp":1793239876737,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP15ek0109136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP15ek0109136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japanese Health Labour Sciences Research","award":["40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus (DM); however, the impact of DM on cervical spine surgery for OPLL remains unclear. This study was performed to evaluate the influence of diabetes DM on the outcomes following cervical spine surgery for OPLL. In total, 478 patients with cervical OPLL who underwent surgical treatment were prospectively recruited from April 2015 to July 2017. Functional measurements were conducted at baseline and at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery using JOA and JOACMEQ scores. The incidence of postoperative complications was categorized into early (\u226430 days) and late (&gt;30 days), depending on the time from surgery. From the initial group of 478 patients, 402 completed the 2-year follow-up and were included in the analysis. Of the 402 patients, 127 (32%) had DM as a comorbid disease. The overall incidence of postoperative complications was significantly higher in patients with DM than in patients without DM in both the early and late postoperative periods. The patients with DM had a significantly lower JOA score and JOACMEQ scores in the domains of lower extremity function and quality of life than those without DM at the 2-year follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T21:21:21Z","timestamp":1627593681000},"page":"3375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Cervical Spine Surgery for Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4948-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsushi","family":"Kimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan"},{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsushi","family":"Takeshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan"},{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshitaka","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Egawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital, 5-11-5 Nishikawaguchi, Kawaguchishi, Saitama 332-8558, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Kusano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kudanzaka Hospital, 1-6-12 Kudanminami, Chiyodaku 102-0074, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University Kihoku Hospital, 219 Myoji, Katsuragi-cho, Itogun, Wakayama 649-7113, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanichiro","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8562, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Katsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Medical and Dental General Hospital, 1-754 Asahimachidori, Chuo Ward, Niigata, Niigata 951-8520, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kengo","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo Ward, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8267-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narihito","family":"Nagoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsukasa","family":"Kanchiku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1144 Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukitaka","family":"Nagamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka Rosai Hospital, 1179-3 Nagasonecho, Sakaishi, Osaka 591-8025, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Oshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0039-9678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa Ward, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa Ward, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Takahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanji","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuma","family":"Murata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunji","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Imakiire General Hospital, 4-16 Shimotatsuocho, Kagoshimashi 892-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4882-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Kaito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8002-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sho","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3125, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4762-5932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Ohba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo Ward, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Inami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Fujibayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0046-3008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Katoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruo","family":"Kanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Imagama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa Ward, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Koda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2279-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaya","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morio","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-3531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masashi","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Okawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japanese Multicenter Research Organization for Ossification of the Spinal Ligament, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo Ward, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E309","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318241ad33","article-title":"Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine: Etiology and natural history","volume":"37","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1376","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002707","article-title":"Imaging Comparison Between Chinese and Japanese Patients With Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament","volume":"43","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirai, T., Yoshii, T., Ushio, S., Hashimoto, J., Mori, K., Maki, S., Katsumi, K., Nagoshi, N., Takeuchi, K., and Furuya, T. (2020). Associations between Clinical Symptoms and Degree of Ossification in Patients with Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: A Prospective Multi-Institutional Cross-Sectional Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9124055"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1556580","article-title":"Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Outcomes of Nonoperative and Operative Management","volume":"6","author":"Abiola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568219833658","article-title":"Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: A Computed Tomography-Based Epidemiological Study of 2917 Patients","volume":"9","author":"Bakhsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.O.00397","article-title":"Comparison of Outcomes of Surgical Treatment for Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Versus Other Forms of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Results from the Prospective, Multicenter AOSpine CSM-International Study of 479 Patients","volume":"98","author":"Nakashima","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001555","article-title":"Do Caucasians and East Asians have Different Outcomes Following Surgery for the Treatment of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy?: Results From the Prospective Multicenter AOSpine International Study","volume":"41","author":"Nagoshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200110000-00013","article-title":"Insulin secretory response is positively associated with the extent of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine","volume":"83","author":"Akune","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200405010-00011","article-title":"High body mass index after age 20 and diabetes mellitus are independent risk factors for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine in Japanese subjects: A case-control study in multiple hospitals","volume":"29","author":"Kobashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000091257.27563.32","article-title":"Diabetes and vascular disease: Pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and medical therapy: Part I","volume":"108","author":"Creager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_101_17","article-title":"Predominantly negative impact of diabetes on spinal surgery: A review and recommendation for better preoperative screening","volume":"8","author":"Epstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000102","article-title":"Impact of diabetes on the outcomes of cervical laminoplasty: A prospective cohort study of more than 500 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"39","author":"Machino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003817","article-title":"Diabetes Does Not Adversely Affect Neurological Recovery and Reduction of Neck Pain After Posterior Decompression Surgery for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Results from a Retrospective Multicenter Study of 675 Patients","volume":"46","author":"Nori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bsd.0000161236.94894.fc","article-title":"Factors affecting prognosis of patients who underwent corpectomy and fusion for treatment of cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: Analysis of 47 patients","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1006","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003469","article-title":"Comparison of Perioperative Complications in Anterior Decompression With Fusion and Posterior Decompression With Fusion for Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: Propensity Score Matching Analysis Using a Nation-Wide Inpatient Database","volume":"45","author":"Yoshii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200109010-00014","article-title":"Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the japanese orthopaedic association scoring system for evaluation of cervical compression myelopathy","volume":"26","author":"Yonenobu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-007-1118-1","article-title":"An outcome measure for patients with cervical myelopathy: Japanese Orthopaedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire (JOACMEQ): Part 1","volume":"12","author":"Fukui","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E242","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002287","article-title":"Psychometric Validation of the Adapted Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong) Version of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire (JOACMEQ)","volume":"43","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E990","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318188b300","article-title":"A new concept for making decisions regarding the surgical approach for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: The K-line","volume":"33","author":"Fujiyoshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12333","article-title":"Impact of population aging on trends in diabetes prevalence: A meta-regression analysis of 160,000 Japanese adults","volume":"6","author":"Charvat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.38.3.705","article-title":"Treatment of obesity hypertension and diabetes syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Zanella","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"442","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes and its Impact on the Immune System","volume":"16","author":"Berbudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.O.00297","article-title":"Diabetes Is Related to Worse Patient-Reported Outcomes at Two Years Following Spine Surgery","volume":"98","author":"Armaghani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.016","article-title":"Mild diabetes is not a contraindication for surgical decompression in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: Results of the AOSpine North America multicenter prospective study (CSM)","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.10.2541","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes, muscle strength, and impaired physical function: The tip of the iceberg?","volume":"28","author":"Sayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70046-9","article-title":"Diabetes and risk of physical disability in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagoshi, N., Watanabe, K., Nakamura, M., Matsumoto, M., Li, N., Ma, S., He, D., Tian, W., Jeon, H., and Lee, J.J. (2021). Does Diabetes Affect the Surgical Outcomes in Cases With Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament? A Multicenter Study from Asia Pacific Spine Study Group. Glob. Spine J.","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568221996300"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.07.532","article-title":"Anterior decompression with fusion versus posterior decompression with fusion for massive cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament with a >\/=50% canal occupying ratio: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Yoshii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.SPINE17938","article-title":"Retrospective single-surgeon study of 1123 consecutive cases of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A comparison of clinical outcome parameters, complication rates, and costs between outpatient and inpatient surgery groups, with a literature review","volume":"28","author":"Mullins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000498","article-title":"The impact of diabetes mellitus on patients undergoing degenerative cervical spine surgery","volume":"39","author":"Guzman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E974","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000447","article-title":"Impact of Glycemic Control on Morbidity and Mortality in Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients Undergoing Spinal Fusion","volume":"30","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31S","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217752130","article-title":"Surgical Site Infections in Spine Surgery: Preoperative Prevention Strategies to Minimize Risk","volume":"8","author":"Spina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/15\/3375\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:37:04Z","timestamp":1760164624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/15\/3375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10153375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10153375","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]}}}