{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:03:30Z","timestamp":1769760210133,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the dynamic skin perfusion via hyperspectral imaging (HSI) after application of Articaine-4% \u00b1 epinephrine as well as epinephrine only. After the subcutaneous injection of (A100) Articaine-4% with epinephrine 1:100,000, (A200) Articaine-4% with epinephrine 1:200,000, (Aw\/o) Articaine-4% without epinephrine, and (EPI200) epinephrine 1:200,000, into the flexor side of the forearm in a split-arm design, dynamic skin perfusion measurement was performed over 120 min by determining tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) using HSI. After injection, all groups experienced a reactive hyperaemia. With A200, it took about three min for StO2 to drop below baseline. For Aw\/o and EPI200, perfusion reduction when compared to baseline was seen at 30 min with vasoconstriction &gt;120 min. A100 caused vasodilation with hyperaemia &gt;60 min. After three minutes, the perfusion pattern differed significantly (p &lt; 0.001) between all groups except Aw\/o and EPI200. The vasoactive effect of epinephrine-containing local anaesthetics can be visualised and dynamically quantified via StO2 using HSI. Aw\/o + epinephrine 1:100,000 and 1:200,000 leads to perfusion reduction and tissue ischaemia after 30 min, which lasts over 120 min with no significant difference between both formulations. When using Aw\/o containing epinephrine in terms of haemostasis for surgical procedures, a prolonged waiting time before incision of 30 or more min can be recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:51:07Z","timestamp":1627854667000},"page":"3411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hyperspectral Imaging to Study Dynamic Skin Perfusion after Injection of Articaine-4% with and without Epinephrine\u2014Clinical Implications on Local Vasoconstriction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Daniel G. E.","family":"Thiem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Hans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Blatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"R\u00f6mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Heimes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8665-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Al-Nawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peer W.","family":"K\u00e4mmerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-011-0608-x","article-title":"Clinical use of an epinephrine-reduced (1\/400,000) articaine solution in short-time dental routine treatments\u2014A multicenter study","volume":"16","author":"Willershausen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. 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