{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:13:11Z","timestamp":1791346391646,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus is one of the main advanced neurosurgical treatments for drug-resistant tremor. However, not every patient may be eligible for this procedure. Nowadays, various other functional neurosurgical procedures are available. In particular cases, radiofrequency thalamotomy, focused ultrasound and radiosurgery are proven alternatives to DBS. Besides, other DBS targets, such as the posterior subthalamic area (PSA) or the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract (DRT), may be appraised as well. In this review, the clinical characteristics and pathophysiology of tremor syndromes, as well as long-term outcomes of DBS in different targets, will be summarized. The effectiveness and safety of lesioning procedures will be discussed, and an evidence-based clinical treatment approach for patients with drug-resistant tremor will be presented. Lastly, the future directions in the treatment of severe tremor syndromes will be elaborated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T09:35:32Z","timestamp":1628156132000},"page":"3468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Deep Brain Stimulation for Tremor: Update on Long-Term Outcomes, Target Considerations and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7818-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi I.","family":"Kremer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0425-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rik W. J.","family":"Pauwels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2 G.","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Roothans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Volkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin M.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1194756","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of uncommon tremor syndromes","volume":"16","author":"Okun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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