{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:38:19Z","timestamp":1792165099777,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Prader\u2013Willi syndrome (PWS), conditions that are associated with hyponatremia are common, such as excessive fluid intake (EFI), desmopressin use and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) caused by psychotropic medication. However, the prevalence of hyponatremia in PWS has rarely been reported. Our aim was to describe the prevalence and severity of hyponatremia in PWS. In October 2020, we performed a retrospective study based on the medical records of a large cohort of children and adults with PWS from seven countries. Among 1326 patients (68% adults), 34 (2.6%) had at least one episode of mild or moderate hyponatremia (125 \u2264 Na &lt; 135 mmol\/L). The causes of non-severe hyponatremia were often multi-factorial, including psychotropic medication in 32%, EFI in 24% and hyperglycemia in 12%. No obvious cause was found in 29%. Seven (0.5%) adults experienced severe hyponatremia (Na &lt; 125 mmol\/L). Among these, five recovered completely, but two died. The causes of severe hyponatremia were desmopressin treatment for nocturnal enuresis (n = 2), EFI (n = 2), adrenal insufficiency (n = 1), diuretic treatment (n = 1) and unknown (n = 1). In conclusion, severe hyponatremia was very rare but potentially fatal in PWS. Desmopressin treatment for nocturnal enuresis should be avoided. Enquiring about EFI and monitoring serum sodium should be included in the routine follow-ups of patients with PWS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T22:14:36Z","timestamp":1628806476000},"page":"3555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hyponatremia in Children and Adults with Prader\u2013Willi Syndrome: A Survey Involving Seven Countries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8988-6260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muriel","family":"Coupaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Rare Diseases Center of Reference \u2018Prader-Willi Syndrome and Obesity with Eating Disorders\u2019 (PRADORT), Nutrition Department, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"International Network for Research, Management & Education on Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karlijn","family":"Pellikaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Dutch Center of Reference for Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Academic Centre for Growth Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8179-7071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Goldstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network for Research, Management & Education on Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"},{"name":"PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Psychiatry, and Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London; Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust; Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3548-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Crin\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network for Research, Management & Education on Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"},{"name":"Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Research Institute, 00050 Palidoro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4708-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziano","family":"Grugni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network for Research, Management & Education on Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"},{"name":"Divison of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2521-0357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania P.","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network for Research, Management & Education on Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"},{"name":"Metabolism & Obesity Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"H\u00f8ybye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network for Research, Management & Education on Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, and Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8472-9189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assumpta","family":"Caix\u00e0s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network for Research, Management & Education on Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Parc Taul\u00ed, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08208 Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-4209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Mosbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Rare Diseases Center of Reference \u2018Prader-Willi Syndrome and Obesity with Eating Disorders\u2019 (PRADORT), Nutrition Department, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura C. G.","family":"De Graaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network for Research, Management & Education on Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Dutch Center of Reference for Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Academic Centre for Growth Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maith\u00e9","family":"Tauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"},{"name":"Rare Diseases Center of Reference \u2018Prader-Willi Syndrome and Obesity with Eating Disorders\u2019 (PRADORT), Department of Endocrinology, Bone Diseases, Genetics, and Gynecology, Children\u2019s Hospital, Institut Toulousain des Maladies Infectieuses et Inflammatoires (Infinity) INSERM UMR1291\u2014CNRS UMR5051\u2014Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Poitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Rare Diseases Center of Reference \u2018Prader-Willi Syndrome and Obesity with Eating Disorders\u2019 (PRADORT), Nutrition Department, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"International Network for Research, Management & Education on Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"},{"name":"INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Research Unit, Sorbonne University, F-75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.08.001","article-title":"Age and gender as risk factors for hyponatremia and hypernatremia","volume":"337","author":"Hawkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. 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