{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T17:33:46Z","timestamp":1763141626497,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the well-known clinical effects of spinal cord stimulation (SCS), the mechanisms of action have not yet been fully unraveled. The primary aim of this study was to measure whether electrochemical skin conductance, as a measure of peripheral sympathetic autonomic function, is altered by SCS. A second aim was to compare skin conductance levels of patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Twenty-three patients with FBSS treated with SCS participated in this study. Sudomotor function was measured with the SudoscanTM instrument on the hands and feet during SCS on and off states. Difference scores in skin conductance between patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls were calculated. Normal sudomotor function at the painful lower limb was revealed for 61% of the patients when SCS was activated. Skin conductance levels were not altered between on and off states of SCS. Differences in scores between patients and healthy controls were significantly different from zero. This study showed that SCS does not influencing the sympathetic nervous system in patients with FBSS, as measured by skin conductance levels. Moreover, it suggested that there is no normalization of the functioning of the sympathetic nervous system, despite the effectiveness of SCS to reduce pain intensity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T09:22:38Z","timestamp":1628846558000},"page":"3565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electrochemical Skin Conductance Alterations during Spinal Cord Stimulation: An Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Goudman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Stimulus Consortium (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation Uz Brussel), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion International Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nieke","family":"Vets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Stimulus Consortium (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation Uz Brussel), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Stimulus Consortium (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation Uz Brussel), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"De Smedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stimulus Consortium (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation Uz Brussel), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0979-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Billot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prismatics Lab (Predictive Research in Spine\/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation\/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 86021 Poitiers, 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Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Engelborghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Scafoglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Anatomy Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Moens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Stimulus Consortium (Research and Teaching Neuromodulation Uz Brussel), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion International Research Group, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, 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