{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:37:14Z","timestamp":1791232634651,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["002 \/ RID \/ 2019\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002 \/ RID \/ 2019\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid diseases are common conditions that have a negative impact on the health of all populations. The literature sheds light on the differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in patients suffering from thyroid diseases compared to healthy individuals. The microbiome affects the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, and the existence of the gut\u2013thyroid axis is discussed in the context of both thyroid diseases and intestinal dysbiosis. The purpose of this review is to describe associations between the microbiome and its metabolites and thyroid dysfunction. We try to explain the role of the microbiome in the metabolism of thyroid hormones and the impact of thyroid autoimmune diseases. In addition, we raise issues related to the influence of bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids or secondary bile acids, in the functioning of the thyroid gland. Last but not least, we explored the interactions between the gut microbiota and therapeutics and supplements typically administered to patients with thyroid diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T21:27:45Z","timestamp":1629149265000},"page":"3609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Microbiome Metabolites and Thyroid Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Bargiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Szczuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-8645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Stachowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Prowans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Czapla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Markowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Petriczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Kledzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"J\u0119drzejczyk-Kledzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Siedlecka 2, 72-010 Police, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8377-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Zabielska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2293-6489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Maciejewska-Markiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102614","article-title":"Microorganisms associated to thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"19","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. 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