{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T18:37:56Z","timestamp":1789324676511,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery is typically caused by the patient\u2019s own conjunctival normal bacterial flora. A three-step approach is recommended to prevent endophthalmitis: (1) \u201cborder control\u201d to prevent microorganisms from entering the eye by disinfecting the ocular surface is the most important measure; (2) bacteria that have gained access into the anterior chamber are reduced by irrigation; (3) bacteria remaining in the anterior chamber and vitreous at the end of surgery are controlled by antibacterial drugs. We have devised a method, \u201cthe Shimada technique\u201d, for irrigating the ocular surface with povidone-iodine, a disinfectant with potent microbicidal effect and established effective and safe concentrations for eye tissues. Povidone-iodine exhibits a bactericidal effect for a wide concentration range of 0.005\u201310%, but 0.1% povidone-iodine has the highest activity and requires the shortest time of only 15 s to achieve microbicidal effect. When used to irrigate the ocular surface every 20\u201330 s during cataract surgery, 0.25% povidone-iodine is conceivably diluted to around 0.1%. Irrigation with 0.25% povidone-iodine during cataract surgery significantly reduced bacteria contamination rate in the anterior chamber compared with saline (p = 0.0017) without causing corneal endothelial damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T21:27:45Z","timestamp":1629149265000},"page":"3611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cataract Surgery by Intraoperative Surface Irrigation with 0.25% Povidone\u2013Iodine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Shimada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 1-6 Surugadai, Kanda, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 101-8309, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Nakashizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Nihon University, 1-6 Surugadai, Kanda, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 101-8309, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6762","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17201","article-title":"Number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract worldwide and in world regions, 1990 to 2010","volume":"56","author":"Khairallah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. 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