{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T17:44:56Z","timestamp":1779126296550,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare neurodevelopmental genetic disorder typically characterized by body composition abnormalities, hyperphagia, behavioural challenges, cognitive dysfunction, and hypogonadism. Psychotic illness is common, particularly in patients with maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD), and antipsychotic medications can result in hyperprolactinemia. Information about hyperprolactinemia and its potential clinical consequences in PWS is sparse. Here, we present data from an international, observational study of 45 adults with PWS and hyperprolactinemia. Estimated prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in a subset of centres with available data was 22%, with 66% of those related to medication and 55% due to antipsychotics. Thirty-three patients were men, 12 women. Median age was 29 years, median BMI 29.8 kg\/m2, 13 had mUPD. Median prolactin was 680 mIU\/L (range 329\u20135702). Prolactin levels were higher in women and patients with mUPD, with only 3 patients having severe hyperprolactinemia. Thyroid function tests were normal, 24 were treated with growth hormone, 29 with sex steroids, and 20 with antipsychotic medications. One patient had kidney insufficiency, and one a microprolactinoma. In conclusion, severe hyperprolactinemia was rare, and the most common aetiology of hyperprolactinemia was treatment with antipsychotic medications. Although significant clinical consequences could not be determined, potential negative long-term effects of moderate or severe hyperprolactinemia cannot be excluded. Our results suggest including measurements of prolactin in the follow-up of adults with PWS, especially in those on treatment with antipsychotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T21:27:45Z","timestamp":1629149265000},"page":"3613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hyperprolactinemia in Adults with Prader-Willi Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karlijn","family":"Pellikaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Dutch Center of Reference for Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Academic Centre for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, 113 65 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Goldstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0HS, UK"},{"name":"International Network for Research, Management and Education on Adults with PWS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4708-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graziano","family":"Grugni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network for Research, Management and Education on Adults with PWS"},{"name":"Divison of Auxology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3548-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Crin\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Network for Research, Management and Education on Adults with PWS"},{"name":"Reference Center for Prader-Willi Syndrome, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Research Institute, Palidoro, 00050 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura C. G.","family":"De Graaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Dutch Center of Reference for Prader-Willi Syndrome, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Academic Centre for Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"International Network for Research, Management and Education on Adults with PWS"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"H\u00f6ybye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"International Network for Research, Management and Education on Adults with PWS"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00002-4","article-title":"Endocrine disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome: A model to understand and treat hypothalamic dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Tauber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.0b013e31822bead0","article-title":"Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Cassidy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet. 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