{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:01:36Z","timestamp":1790949696175,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Virtual reality (VR) has been investigated in a variety of psychiatric disorders, including addictive disorders (ADs); (2) Objective: This systematic review evaluates the current evidence of immersive VR (using head-mounted displays) in the clinical assessment and treatment of ADs; (3) Method: PubMed and PsycINFO were queried for publications up to November 2020; (4) Results: We screened 4519 titles, 114 abstracts and 85 full-texts, and analyzed 36 articles regarding the clinical assessment (i.e., diagnostic and prognostic value; n = 19) and treatment (i.e., interventions; n = 17) of ADs. Though most VR assessment studies (n = 15\/19) showed associations between VR-induced cue-reactivity and clinical parameters, only two studies specified diagnostic value. VR treatment studies based on exposure therapy showed no or negative effects. However, other VR interventions like embodied and aversive learning paradigms demonstrated positive findings. The overall study quality was rather poor; (5) Conclusion: Though VR in ADs provides ecologically valid environments to induce cue-reactivity and provide new treatment paradigms, the added clinical value in assessment and therapy remains to be elucidated before VR can be applied in clinical care. Therefore, future work should investigate VR efficacy in randomized clinical trials using well-defined clinical endpoints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T10:54:35Z","timestamp":1629284075000},"page":"3658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Clinical Relevance of Immersive Virtual Reality in the Assessment and Treatment of Addictive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Future Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Langener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Tactus Addiction Centre, 7418 ET Deventer, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7641-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Van Der Nagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Tactus Addiction Centre, 7418 ET Deventer, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"van Manen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tactus Addiction Centre, 7418 ET Deventer, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiebren","family":"Markus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"IrisZorg Addiction Care, 6835 HZ Arnhem, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boukje","family":"Dijkstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Novadic-Kentron, Network for Addiction Treatment Service, 5261 LX Vught, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"De Fuentes-Merillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Novadic-Kentron, Network for Addiction Treatment Service, 5261 LX Vught, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Klaassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janika","family":"Heitmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4288-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Heylen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Media Interaction, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7715-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnt","family":"Schellekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-0997-0","article-title":"Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and addictive disorders","volume":"21","author":"Rehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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