{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:21:15Z","timestamp":1792401675264,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for new-onset heart failure (HF) and vice versa. The pathogenesis of new-onset HF in DM is complex and has been largely attributed to the toxic cardiovascular effects of hyperglycemia and relevant metabolic abnormalities (diabetic cardiomyopathy) as well as the frequently coexisting morbidities such as hypertension (HTN), coronary artery disease (CAD), and diabetic nephropathy. In patients with type 1 DM (T1DM), HF develops in the setting of a dysregulated immune response, whereas in most patients with type 2 DM (T2DM), against a background of overweight\/obesity. HF prevention in DM is feasible with rigorous treatment of cardiovascular risk factors and selective antidiabetic agents. Conversely, development of new-onset T2DM in HF (cardiogenic DM) is common and has been attributed to an increase in the resistance to insulin, especially in the skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue as well as in diminished insulin secretory response to hyperglycemia by pancreatic \u03b2-cells. Cardiogenic DM further deteriorates cardiac dysfunction and adversely affects outcome in HF. Novel lifesaving medications employed in HF management such as sacubitril\/valsartan and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) have a favorable metabolic profile and lower the incidence of cardiogenic diabetes. Whether mitigation of cardiogenic DM should be a treatment target in HF deserves further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:58:06Z","timestamp":1629367086000},"page":"3682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6433-4016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippos","family":"Triposkiadis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 411 10 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9439-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Xanthopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 411 10 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Bargiota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University General Hospital of Larissa, 411 10 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2416-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kitai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka 564-8565, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niki","family":"Katsiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Farmakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cyprus Medical School, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7159-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Skoularigis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Larissa, 411 10 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall C.","family":"Starling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaufman Center for Heart Failure Treatment and Recovery, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efstathios","family":"Iliodromitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulsin, G.S., Athithan, L., and McCann, G.P. 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