{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:32:15Z","timestamp":1791815535602,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growth hormone (GH) is involved in the regulation of the postnatal dental and skeletal growth, but its effects on oral health have not been clearly defined. This paper aims to provide a review of current clinical knowledge of dental caries, tooth wear, developmental enamel defects, craniofacial growth and morphology, dental maturation, and tooth eruption in growth hormone deficient (GHD) children. A systematic review was carried out using Scopus, MEDLINE-EbscoHost and Web of Science from 2000 to May 2021. PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews were followed. All the selected studies involved groups under eighteen years of age, covering a total of 465 GHD patients. The studies that were selected provide reliable evidence for delayed dental maturity and orthodontic disturbances in GHD patients. Data on dental hard tissues pathology are scarce and are limited to occurrences of dental caries. GHD children showed abnormal craniofacial morphology with reduced mandibular dimensions, with a resulting tendency towards Angle\u2019s Class II occlusion, which affected up to 31% of patients. Dental age has been shown to be delayed in GHD patients by about 1 to 2 years. Moreover, the risk of dental caries in children with GHD decreases with increasing levels of vitamin D. Hence, further studies would be valuable for evaluating the risk of various oral health problems and to organize targeted dental care for this vulnerable group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]],"date-time":"2021-08-22T21:47:52Z","timestamp":1629668872000},"page":"3733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clinical Implications of Growth Hormone Deficiency for Oral Health in Children: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Torli\u0144ska-Walkowiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3573-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna Anna","family":"Majewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Auxology and Pediatric Nursing, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27\/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"K\u0119dzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Auxology and Pediatric Nursing, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27\/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5091-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Opydo-Szymaczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Standards for permanent teeth emergence time and sequence in Lithuanian children, residents of Vilnius city","volume":"14","author":"Almonaitiene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stomatologija"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.2319\/011905-17","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on craniofacial growth. 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