{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T05:10:14Z","timestamp":1769922614954,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study is a quantitative analysis examining the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the occurrence of stress and stomatognathic system disorders (SSDs) among students of physiotherapy. Objective: To assess stress severity, strategies of coping with stress and the presence of type D personality among physiotherapy students including those with symptoms of stomatognathic system disorders. Material and Methods: The research was conducted from October to December 2020 on a sample of 188 students of physiotherapy. The data were collected using a survey form related to the occurrence of SS disorders symptoms and standardized psychological questionnaires, such as the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)-10, Mini-Cope, and the type-D Scale (DS14), developed for the purpose of this study. Results: Women experiencing at least one of the SS disorder-related symptoms were characterized by a significantly higher level of stress and a type D personality (p &lt; 0.05). Among men, these differences were not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). On the basis of the strategies of coping with stress, i.e., positive self-reevaluation, discharging and blaming oneself, and taking psychoactive substances, it is possible to predict the intensity of stress during the pandemic in the group of the examined students. Among the reported symptoms of SS, headache was a significant predictor of stress, which was accompanied by an increase in the intensity of stress by nearly 0.2 measurement points. Students with higher levels of stress showed more symptoms of type D personality, and those with more severe symptoms of SS showed higher levels of stress. Conclusions: People prone to stress and having type D personality traits should be assessed for the presence of SS disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T11:01:37Z","timestamp":1630321297000},"page":"3872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Stress Levels and Occurrence of Stomatoghnatic System Disorders (SSDs) among Physiotherapy Students in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1477-8302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"G\u0119bska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Musculoskeletal System, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Ko\u0142odziej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Musculoskeletal System, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0652-664X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Dalewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prosthetics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9365-7882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Pa\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Dental Practice, 68-200 \u017bary, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Sobolewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Prosthetics, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21176","DOI":"10.2196\/21176","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Lifestyle Behaviors and Their Association With Subjective Well-Being Among the General Population in Mainland China: Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbeha.2020.100011","article-title":"The paradigm shift for educational system continuance in the advent of COVID-19 pandemic: Mental health challenges and reflections","volume":"2","author":"Maqsood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalewski, B., Palka, L., Kiczmer, P., and Sobolewska, E. (2021). The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on the Polish Dental Community\u2019s Standards of Care\u2014A Six-Month Retrospective Survey-Based Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031281"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001348","article-title":"Long-term changes in biopsychosocial characteristics related to temporomandibular disorder: Findings from the OPPERA study","volume":"159","author":"Fillingim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.2.230","article-title":"Hans Selye and the Field of Stress Research","volume":"10","author":"Neylan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpor.2018.11.010","article-title":"Efficacy of mandibular manipulation technique for temporomandibular disorders patients with mouth opening limitation: A randomized controlled trial for comparison with improved multimodal therapy","volume":"63","author":"Nagata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1819","article-title":"Predictors of Long-Term Temporomandibular Disorder Pain Intensity: An 8-Year Cohort Study","volume":"32","author":"Kapos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2019.08.017","article-title":"Efficiency of arthrocentesis treatment for different temporomandibular joint disorders","volume":"49","author":"Polat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.15644\/asc53\/3\/1","article-title":"Long-term Effectiveness of Occlusal Splint Therapy Compared to Placebo in Patients with Chronic Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"53","author":"Alajbeg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Stomatol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-021-2381-7","article-title":"An Overview of Anterior Repositioning Splint Therapy for Disc Displacement-related Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"41","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6571","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30341","article-title":"Temporomandibular inflammation regulates the matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in limbic structures","volume":"236","author":"Nascimento","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104985","article-title":"Masseter response to long-term experimentally induced anterior crossbite in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.11.010","article-title":"The Effect of Orthognathic Surgery on Temporomandibular Joint Function and Symptoms: What are the Risk Factors? A Longitudinal Analysis of 375 Patients","volume":"79","author":"Ploder","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.08.068","article-title":"Outcomes of physical therapy in patients with temporomandibular disorder: A retrospective review","volume":"59","author":"Fisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.10.001","article-title":"Prognostic factors for long-term results after condylar head fractures: A comparative study of non-surgical treatment versus open reduction and osteosynthesis","volume":"48","author":"Kolk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.12535","article-title":"Insights for temporomandibular disorders management: From psychosocial factors to genetics\u2014A case report","volume":"41","author":"Braga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sp\u00e9c. Care Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e036768","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-036768","article-title":"Healthcare utilisation and costs for temporomandibular disorders: A descriptive, cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Seo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03270-z","article-title":"Effect of treatment with a full-occlusion biofeedback splint on sleep bruxism and TMD pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Bergmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.289","article-title":"The course of pain intensity and frequency of adolescents treated because of temporomandibular disorders: A long-term follow-up","volume":"6","author":"Wahlund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6351817","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6351817","article-title":"Association of Estrogen Receptor 1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 Polymorphisms with Temporomandibular Joint Anterior Disc Displacement without Reduction","volume":"2020","author":"Dalewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalewski, B., Kaczmarek, K., Jakubowska, A., Szczuchniak, K., Pa\u0142ka, \u0141., and Sobolewska, E. (2021). COL12A1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms rs240736 and rs970547 Are Not Associated with Temporomandibular Joint Disc Displacement without Reduction. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12050690"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"53","article-title":"Parafunctions in dysfunctional syndrome of the stomatognathic system\u2014literature review","volume":"9","author":"Checherita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. J. Med. Dent. Educ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalewski, B., Kami\u0144ska, A., Kiczmer, P., W\u0119grzyn, K., Pa\u0142ka, \u0141., Janda, K., and Sobolewska, E. (2021). Pressure Algometry Evaluation of Two Occlusal Splint Designs in Bruxism Management-Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112342"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Leketas, M. (2018). Stomatognathic Parafunctions and Their Etiology: Literature Review. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Medical Academy Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03184-5","article-title":"Long-term effects of splint therapy in patients with posttraumatic stress disease (PTSD)","volume":"24","author":"Wolowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17053-2","article-title":"The relationship between personality and the response to acute psychological stress","volume":"7","author":"Xin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9357-6","article-title":"Type-D Personality and Heart Disease: It Might Be \u2018One Small Step\u2019, but It Is Still Moving Forward: A Comment on Grande et al","volume":"43","author":"Bacon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2020.1746284","article-title":"Type D personality and life event stress: The mediating effects of social support and negative social relationships","volume":"33","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress. Coping"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-8-9","article-title":"Type D personality in the general population: A systematic review of health status, mechanisms of disease, and work-related problems","volume":"8","author":"Mols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110265","article-title":"Association of type D personality and level of coronary artery calcification","volume":"139","author":"Raykh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chilicka, K., Rogowska, A.M., Szygu\u0142a, R., and Adamczyk, E. (2020). Association between Satisfaction with Life and Personality Types A and D in Young Women with Acne Vulgaris. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228524"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Influence of Personality Type D on Cardiovascular Prognosis in Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Data from a 5-Year-Follow-up Study","volume":"6","author":"Raykh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16365","article-title":"Type D personality is associated with depressive symptoms and clinical activity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"54","author":"Jordi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615390","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.615390","article-title":"Chinese College Students\u2019 Stress and Anxiety Levels Under COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Zhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, E.-J., Nho, J.-H., Kim, H.-Y., and Park, S.-K. (2021). The Effects of Lifestyle Interventions on the Health-Promoting Behavior, Type D Personality, Cognitive Function and Body Composition of Low-Income Middle-Aged Korean Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115637"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13660","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13660","article-title":"Type D personality and cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress: The mediating effects of social support and negative social relationships","volume":"57","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"300060520931284","article-title":"Predictors of dietary self-efficacy in high glycosylated hemoglobin A1c type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"48","author":"Katona","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S310664","article-title":"The Role of Stress Perception and Coping with Stress and the Quality of Life Among Multiple Sclerosis Patients","volume":"14","author":"Cisek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106623","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.106623","article-title":"Mental Stress in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Physicians During COVID-19 Outbreak","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"58","article-title":"Satisfaction and stress levels of dentistry students relating to distance education","volume":"58","author":"Avunduk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673514","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.673514","article-title":"Social Isolation During COVID-19 Pandemic. Perceived Stress and Containment Measures Compliance Among Polish and Italian Residents","volume":"12","author":"Grabowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziarko, M., Jasielska, A., Stanis\u0142awska-Kubiak, M., Daroszewski, P., Samborski, W., and Mojs, E. (2021). Mental Health Outcomes Associated with COVID-19 Pandemic in a Group of Health Care Professionals. J. Behav. Health Serv. Res., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-021-09761-5"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660776","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.660776","article-title":"Relationships Between Sleep Problems and Stress Coping Strategies Adopted by Nurses Including Socio-Occupational Factors","volume":"12","author":"Kowalczuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00631-1","article-title":"Sense of coherence and strategies for coping with stress among nurses","volume":"20","author":"Betke","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chodkiewicz, J., Miniszewska, J., Krajewska, E., and Bili\u0144ski, P. (2021). Mental Health during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic\u2014Polish Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073423"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mocny-Pacho\u0144ska, K., Trzcionka, A., Doniec, R., Sieci\u0144ski, S., and Tanasiewicz, M. (2020). The Influence of Gender and Year of Study on Stress Levels and Coping Strategies among Polish Dental. Medicine, 56.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56100531"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unnithan, A.S., and Chidgey, B.A. (2021). Pre-visit education on pain management options prior to the first clinic visit improves chronic pain patient satisfaction with proposed treatment plans. Pain Med.","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab198"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2020.10.014","article-title":"Impact of prolotherapy in temporomandibular joint disorder: A quality of life assessment","volume":"59","author":"Dasukil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2359","article-title":"Jaw Exercises in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders\u2014An International Modified Delphi Study","volume":"39","author":"Lindfors","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12816","article-title":"Patients\u2019 experiences of therapeutic jaw exercises in the treatment of masticatory myofascial pain\u2014A postal questionnaire study","volume":"46","author":"Lindfors","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2090","article-title":"No Dose-Response Association Between Self-Reported Bruxism and Pain-Related Temporomandibular Disorders: A Retrospective Study","volume":"32","author":"Muzalev","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2017-011492","article-title":"Muscular Diagnostics and the Feasibility of Microsystem Acupuncture as a Potential Adjunct in the Treatment of Painful Temporomandibular Disorders: Results of a Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"36","author":"Simma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01623-7","article-title":"The effectiveness of manual therapy applied to craniomandibular structures in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders: Protocol for a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Asquini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632360","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.632360","article-title":"Post-traumatic Growth Level and Its Influencing Factors Among Frontline Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, T. (2021). Neural circuit mechanisms of sex and fighting in males. Neurosci. Res., 0168."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krupa, S., Pawe\u0142, W., M\u0119drzycka-D\u0105browska, W., Lintowska, A., and Ozga, D. (2021). Sleep Disturbances in Individuals Quarantined Due to SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Poland: A Mixed Methods Design Study. Glob. Adv. Health Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1177\/21649561211020707"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkan, E. (2021). COVID-19: Structural Considerations for Virus Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Strategies and Vaccine Design in the Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants Era. Mol. Biotechnol., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-021-00353-4"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Taylor, S. (2019). The Psychology of Pandemics: Preparing for the Next Global Outbreak of Infectious Disease, Cambridge Scholars Publishing."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"35","article-title":"Behaviors leading to the occurrence of stomatognathic system disorders among students","volume":"6","author":"Ptak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Publ. Health Nurs. Med. Rescue."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emodi-Perlman, A., Eli, I., Smardz, J., Uziel, N., Wieckiewicz, G., Gilon, E., Grychowska, N., and Wieckiewicz, M. (2020). Temporomandibular Disorders and Bruxism Outbreak as a Possible Factor of Orofacial Pain Worsening during the COVID-19 Pandemic\u2014Concomitant Research in Two Countries. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103250"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"2069716","article-title":"Psychosocialpredictors of bruxism","volume":"2019","author":"Jasielska","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200445","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2020-0445","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders, oral behaviors, anxiety, and depression in Dentistry students during the period of social isolation due to COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Medeiros","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.11.034","article-title":"Muscular tension significantly affects stability in standing posture","volume":"68","author":"Tassani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-003-0454-5","article-title":"Perceived muscular tension, emotional stress, psychological demands and physical load during VDU work","volume":"76","author":"Ekman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"181","article-title":"Stress-related adaptive versus maladaptive coping and temporomandibular disorder pain","volume":"26","author":"Reissmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.03.022","article-title":"Sleep-associated aspects of myofascial pain in the orofacial area among Temporomandibular Disorder patients and controls","volume":"16","author":"Schmitter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7020751","article-title":"Temporomandibular Disorders Related to Stress and HPA-Axis Regulation","volume":"2018","author":"Staniszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220162406162873","article-title":"Temporomandibular Dysfunction, Stress and Common Mental Disorder in University Students","volume":"24","author":"Augusto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ortop\u00e9dica Bras."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resilience and psychological impact on Italian university students during COVID-19 pandemic. Distance learning and health","volume":"12","author":"Quintiliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"7","article-title":"Stress intensity and ways of coping with stress in paramedics and emergency medical students","volume":"5","author":"Bartczak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Yearb. Univ. Kujawsko-Pomor."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410362927","article-title":"Stress and tension-type headache mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Cathcart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02241.x","article-title":"Migraine: Maladaptive Brain Responses to Stress","volume":"52","author":"Maleki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-016-0576-6","article-title":"Stress and Primary Headache: Review of the Research and Clinical Management","volume":"20","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000047881","article-title":"Temporomandibular Disorders and Hormones in Women","volume":"169","author":"Warren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"192","article-title":"Mental health survey of 230 medical staff in a tertiary infectious disease hospital for COVID-19","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020927051","article-title":"Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender","volume":"66","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23926","article-title":"Gender differences in neural correlates of stress-induced anxiety","volume":"95","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2020.1746817","article-title":"Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112921","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter","volume":"287","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babicka-Wirkus, A., Wirkus, L., Stasiak, K., and Koz\u0142owski, P. (2021). University students\u2019 strategies of coping with stress during the coronavirus pandemic: Data from Poland. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255041"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.17547\/kjsr.2018.26.3.133","article-title":"Gender Differences in Type D Personality and Mental Health among Korean College Entrants","volume":"26","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Stress Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/17\/3872\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:54:22Z","timestamp":1760165662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/17\/3872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10173872"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10173872","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]]}}}