{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:47:05Z","timestamp":1785548825259,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Horizon 2020, ERC","award":["771083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["771083"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","award":["110043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110043"]}]},{"name":"DFG","award":["SFB-TRR57\/P06, LU 1360\/3-1, CRC1380\/A01, and CA 830\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB-TRR57\/P06, LU 1360\/3-1, CRC1380\/A01, and CA 830\/3-1"]}]},{"name":"NHLBI","award":["1R01HL153384-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL153384-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the result of a hyper-inflammatory reaction to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The biomarkers of inflammation have been used to risk-stratify patients with COVID-19. Osteopontin (OPN) is an integrin-binding glyco-phosphoprotein involved in the modulation of leukocyte activation; its levels are associated with worse outcomes in patients with sepsis. Whether OPN levels predict outcomes in COVID-19 is unknown. Methods: We measured OPN levels in serum of 341 hospitalized COVID-19 patients collected within 48 h from admission. We characterized the determinants of OPN levels and examined their association with in-hospital outcomes; notably death, need for mechanical ventilation, and need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and as a composite outcome. The risk discrimination ability of OPN was compared with other inflammatory biomarkers. Results: Patients with COVID-19 (mean age 60, 61.9% male, 27.0% blacks) had significantly higher levels of serum OPN compared to healthy volunteers (96.63 vs. 16.56 ng\/mL, p &lt; 0.001). Overall, 104 patients required mechanical ventilation, 35 needed dialysis, and 53 died during their hospitalization. In multivariable analyses, OPN levels \u2265140.66 ng\/mL (third tertile) were associated with a 3.5 \u00d7 (95%CI 1.44\u20138.27) increase in the odds of death, and 4.9 \u00d7 (95%CI 2.48\u20139.80) increase in the odds of requiring mechanical ventilation. There was no association between OPN and need for RRT. Finally, OPN levels in the upper tertile turned out as an independent prognostic factor of event-free survival with respect to the composite endpoint. Conclusion: Higher OPN levels are associated with increased odds of death and mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19, however, their utility in triage is questionable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T22:49:51Z","timestamp":1630363791000},"page":"3907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Circulating Osteopontin Levels and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0180-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim S.","family":"Hayek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Roderburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pennelope","family":"Blakely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Launius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4630-4275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesper","family":"Eugen-Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6206-0226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Tacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Ktena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medial School, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Keitel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Luedde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KGP Bremerhaven, Postbrookstra\u00dfe 103, 27574 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4713-3911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos J.","family":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medial School, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Luedde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2799-2287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven H.","family":"Loosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, 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