{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:45:32Z","timestamp":1789875932034,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["801076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["801076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The level of injury is linked with biochemical alterations and limitations in physical activity among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), which are crucial determinants of body composition. We searched five electronic databases from inception until 22 July 2021. The pooled effect estimates were computed using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was calculated using I2 statistics and the chi-squared test. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. We pooled 40 studies comprising 4872 individuals with SCI (3991 males, 825 females, and 56 sex-unknown) in addition to chronic SCI (median injury duration 12.3 y, IQR 8.03\u201314.8). Individuals with tetraplegia had a higher fat percentage (weighted mean difference (WMD) 1.9%, 95% CI 0.6, 3.1) and lower lean mass (WMD \u22123.0 kg, 95% CI \u22125.9, \u22120.2) compared to those with paraplegia. Those with tetraplegia also had higher indicators of central adiposity (WMD, visceral adipose tissue area 0.24 dm2 95% CI 0.05, 0.43 and volume 1.05 L 95% CI 0.14, 1.95), whereas body mass index was lower in individuals with tetraplegia than paraplegia (WMD \u22120.9 kg\/mg2, 95% CI \u22121.4, \u22120.5). Sex, age, and injury characteristics were observed to be sources of heterogeneity. Thus, individuals with tetraplegia have higher fat composition compared to paraplegia. Anthropometric measures, such as body mass index, may be inaccurate in describing adiposity in SCI individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T22:49:51Z","timestamp":1630363791000},"page":"3911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Body Composition According to Spinal Cord Injury Level: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9716-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Francis","family":"Raguindin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bertolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona Maria","family":"Zeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6997-4805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gion","family":"Fr\u00e4nkl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oche Adam","family":"Itodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Capossela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. 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Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Eriks-Hoogland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Center, Guido A. Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jivko","family":"Stoyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taulant","family":"Muka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Glisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research, Guido A. Z\u00e4ch Str. 1, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.08.002","article-title":"Central adiposity associations to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in individuals with complete motor spinal cord injury","volume":"60","author":"Gorgey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12170-013-0298-9","article-title":"Visceral adipose tissue and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"7","author":"Larsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiovasc. 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