{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T18:59:34Z","timestamp":1777575574640,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Female urethral strictures and injuries are relatively uncommon compared to males. A wide range of possible causes and treatment modalities have been described. Lately female urethral reconstruction is gaining attention and is fortunately no longer a neglected topic within the reconstructive urology. As such, we aimed to describe our surgical techniques and outcomes for female urethroplasty from a tertiary center. Materials and Methods: Records of female patients who underwent a urethroplasty between July 2018 and May 2021 in our tertiary referral center were reviewed. Patients were subdivided in two groups: patients who suffered from a urethral injury and received an early repair urethroplasty, and patients with a true urethral stricture who received a delayed urethroplasty. Preprocedural, surgical and postoperative data were collected and analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: A total of five patients in group 1 and nine patients in group 2 were included. Etiology of the urethral injury in group 1 was iatrogenic in 80% and transitional cell carcinoma of the urethra in 20% of cases. A patency rate of 100% at a follow-up of 30 months was achieved with the different techniques. In group 2 etiology was idiopathic (44%), iatrogenic (44%) and due to external trauma in 12% of cases. Urethroplasty technique consisted of primary repair or dorsal onlay of a buccal mucosal graft. Patency rate was 100% at a median follow-up of 13 months. Three patients suffered from postoperative urinary incontinence, one in group 1 and two in group 2. Conclusion: Female urethroplasty is a relatively rare entity within reconstructive urethral surgery. This case series of 14 patients demonstrates that with appropriate surgical techniques, a high patency rate with a low complication rate can be achieved. Further prospective studies with standardized diagnostic workup and follow-up should be performed in order to optimize management strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10173950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T08:42:32Z","timestamp":1630399352000},"page":"3950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Female Urethroplasty: Outcomes of Different Techniques in a Single Center"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marjan","family":"Waterloos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AZ Maria Middelares Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Verla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9510-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mieke","family":"Waterschoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4314-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wietse","family":"Claeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Francois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier de Mouscron, 7700 Mouscron, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolaas","family":"Lumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"201","article-title":"European Associaton of Urology Urethral Strictures Guidelines","volume":"80","author":"Lumen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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Dorsal Onlay Buccal Urethroplasty in the Female is Associated with High Quality of Life Using Validated Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Instruments. Urol. Pract.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urpr.2016.02.002"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08951.x","article-title":"Dorsal onlay lingual mucosal graft urethroplasty for urethral strictures in women","volume":"105","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.03.055","article-title":"Dorsal graft urethroplasty for female urethral stricture","volume":"176","author":"Tsivian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Urol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/17\/3950\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:53:34Z","timestamp":1760165614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/17\/3950"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10173950"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10173950","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]}}}