{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:27:09Z","timestamp":1793125629658,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uterine microbiota may be involved in reproductive health and disease. This study aims to describe and compare the vaginal and endometrial microbiome patterns between women who became pregnant and women who did not after in vitro fertilization. We also compared the vaginal and endometrial microbiome patterns between women with and without a history of repeated implantation failures (RIF). This pilot prospective cohort study included 48 women presenting to the fertility clinic for IVF from May 2017 to May 2019. Women who achieved clinical pregnancy presented a greater relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. in their vaginal samples than those who did not (97.69% versus 94.63%; p = 0.027. The alpha and beta diversity of vaginal and endometrial samples were not statistically different between pregnant and non-pregnant women. The Faith alpha diversity index in vaginal samples was lower in women with RIF than those without RIF (p = 0.027). The alpha diversity of the endometrial microbiome was significantly higher in women without RIF (p = 0.021). There were no significant differences in the vaginal and endometrial microbiomes between pregnant and non-pregnant women. The relative abundance of the genera in women with RIF was different from those without RIF. Statistically significant differences in the endometrial microbiome were found between women with and without RIF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T10:12:03Z","timestamp":1631095923000},"page":"4063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Impact of the Vaginal and Endometrial Microbiome Pattern on Assisted Reproduction Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Diaz-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bernabeu Reproductive Medicine, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bernabeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bernabeu Reproductive Medicine, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3583-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Lled\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Laboratory, Instituto Bernabeu Biotech, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1303-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"Carratal\u00e1-Munuera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Quesada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca M.","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Laboratory, Instituto Bernabeu Biotech, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bernabeu Reproductive Medicine, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Laboratory, Instituto Bernabeu Biotech, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Ll\u00e1cer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bernabeu Reproductive Medicine, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Ten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bernabeu Reproductive Medicine, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bernabeu Reproductive Medicine, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adoraci\u00f3n","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bernabeu Reproductive Medicine, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rauf","family":"Nouni-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2117-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"L\u00f3pez-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medicine Department, School of Medicine, University Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez de Elche, 03550 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0037-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Moliner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bernabeu Reproductive Medicine, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Bernabeu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Bernabeu Reproductive Medicine, 03016 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.06.041","article-title":"Introduction: Do microbes in the female reproductive function matter?","volume":"110","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. 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