{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T23:27:15Z","timestamp":1779233235618,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K17418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K17418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the effects of nerve gliding exercise following carpal tunnel release surgery (NGE-CTRS) and the probing factors affecting the effect of NGE-CTRS on hand function. A total of 86 patients after CTRS participated. Grip strength (grip-s), pinch strength (pinch-s), Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT), two-point discrimination (2PD), numbness, pain, and Phalen test (Phalen) were measured and compared between pre- and post-NGE-CTRS. The results showed that the combination of surgery and NGE significantly improved the postoperative grip-s, pinch-s, SWMT, 2PD, numbness, and Phalen; however, no improvement was observed in pain. Background factors that influenced the improved grip-s and pinch-s included gender and preoperative sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV). Additionally, numbness and Phalen were not affected by age, gender, fault side, bilateral, trigger finger, dialysis, thenar eminence atrophy, motor nerve conduction velocity, SCV, the start of treatment, and occupational therapy intervention. In conclusion, the combination of surgical procedures and NGE showed a high improvement. SCV and time-to-start treatment of intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome may be useful in predicting the function after the intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T21:37:12Z","timestamp":1631569032000},"page":"4121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sensory Nerve Conduction Velocity Predicts Improvement of Hand Function with Nerve Gliding Exercise Following Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-2533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Tamaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate-Gakuen University, Hojo 5-11-10, Daitou, Osaka 574-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiyoshi","family":"Yanagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Tesseikai Neurosurgical Hospital, Nakano Honmachi 28-1, Shijonawate, Osaka 575-8511, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3244-0874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akiyoshi","family":"Matsugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, Shijonawate-Gakuen University, Hojo 5-11-10, Daitou, Osaka 574-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150200004","article-title":"Conservative treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"249","author":"Gerritsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.153","article-title":"Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population","volume":"282","author":"Atroshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.24972","article-title":"The prevalence and characteristics of nerve compression symptoms in the general population","volume":"26","author":"Papanicolaou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60152-5","article-title":"Ultrasound and laser therapy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Bakhtiary","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-002-0213-1","article-title":"Clinical outcome and predictive value of electrodiagnostics in endoscopic carpal tunnel surgery","volume":"25","author":"Vogt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1666-4","article-title":"Bilateral deficits in fine motor control and pinch grip force in patients with unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"194","author":"Cleland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.05.004","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome impairs sustained precision pinch performance","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.03.023","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome. Part II: Effectiveness of surgical treatments\u2014A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Huisstede","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90012-4","article-title":"Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome: In search of the optimal angle","volume":"75","author":"Burke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.79.934.433","article-title":"Primary care management of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Burke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.10.589","article-title":"Conservative interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Michlovitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(02)00023-9","article-title":"Nonoperative carpal tunnel syndrome treatment","volume":"18","author":"Osterman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0163-y","article-title":"Comparison of splinting, splinting plus local steroid injection and open carpal tunnel release outcomes in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Ucan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"Cd001552","article-title":"Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"2008","author":"Verdugo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.00867.x","article-title":"Comparison of three conservative treatment protocols in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Baysal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"Cd009899","article-title":"Exercise and mobilisation interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"2012","author":"Page","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"Cd009601","article-title":"Therapeutic ultrasound for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"2013","author":"Page","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000169017.79374.93","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of surgery vs steroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Hui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20767","article-title":"Surgical decompression versus local steroid injection in carpal tunnel syndrome: A one-year, prospective, randomized, open, controlled clinical trial","volume":"52","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"Cd001554","article-title":"Local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"2007","author":"Marshall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.17.3.324","article-title":"Neural gliding techniques for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"McKeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.06.019","article-title":"Median nerve mobilization techniques in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2004.02.009","article-title":"Effectiveness of hand therapy interventions in primary management of carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Muller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200202000-00006","article-title":"Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with nerve and tendon gliding exercises","volume":"81","author":"Akalin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02849867","article-title":"Can we use nerve gliding exercises in women with carpal tunnel syndrome?","volume":"22","author":"Pinar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2007.12.001","article-title":"The effects of neural mobilization in addition to standard care in persons with carpal tunnel syndrome from a community hospital","volume":"21","author":"Heebner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20310","article-title":"Longitudinal excursion and strain in the median nerve during novel nerve gliding exercises for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Coppieters","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1054\/math.2000.0355","article-title":"An investigation to compare the effectiveness of carpal bone mobilisation and neurodynamic mobilisation as methods of treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Rushton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318214eaaf","article-title":"The comparative effectiveness of tendon and nerve gliding exercises in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized trial","volume":"90","author":"Horng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.1997.3.1.12","article-title":"Postoperative management following carpal tunnel release surgery: Principles of rehabilitation","volume":"3","author":"Degnan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(05)80057-9","article-title":"Early mobilization following carpal tunnel release. A prospective randomized study","volume":"20","author":"Cook","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(01)00005-1","article-title":"Recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Steyers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80443-5","article-title":"In Vivo measurement of carpal tunnel pressure in the functioning hand","volume":"20","author":"Seradge","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102631","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.102631","article-title":"Non-Surgical Management and Post-Surgical Rehabilitation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: An Algorithmic Approach and Practical Guideline","volume":"11","author":"Nazarieh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1130(98)80035-5","article-title":"Nerve and tendon gliding exercises and the conservative management of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Rozmaryn","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2018.1443358","article-title":"Reliability of two-point discrimination test in carpal tunnel syndrome patients","volume":"35","author":"Wolny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.5.754","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Simovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2009.05.017","article-title":"The Semmes Weinstein monofilament examination as a screening tool for diabetic peripheral neuropathy","volume":"50","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00169-4","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: Pathophysiology and clinical neurophysiology","volume":"113","author":"Werner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1246","article-title":"Assessment of pruritus intensity: Prospective study on validity and reliability of the visual analogue scale, numerical rating scale and verbal rating scale in 471 patients with chronic pruritus","volume":"92","author":"Phan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Derm.-Venereol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22208","article-title":"Electrodiagnostic evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Werner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.023","article-title":"Sensitivity, specificity, and variability of nerve conduction velocity measurements in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Lew","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198163030-00009","article-title":"The carpal tunnel syndrome. A study of carpal canal pressures","volume":"63","author":"Gelberman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surgery. Am. Vol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199812000-00016","article-title":"Correlation of clinical history and electrodiagnostic abnormalities with outcome after surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Choi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.11.006","article-title":"The outcome of carpal tunnel decompression in elderly patients","volume":"30","author":"Townshend","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano Afonso, A., Carnaval, T., and Videla Ces, S. (2021). Combination Therapy for Neuropathic Pain: A Review of Recent Evidence. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0200.v2"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26627","article-title":"Smoking as risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome: A birth cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Hulkkonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199603000-00015","article-title":"Tobacco, caffeine, alcohol, and carpal tunnel syndrome in American industry. A cross-sectional study of 1464 workers","volume":"38","author":"Nathan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2020.02.004","article-title":"The prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in adapted Sports athletes based on clinical diagnostic","volume":"106","author":"Meirelles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2020-0179","article-title":"The Influence of Kinesiophobia on Perceived Disability in Patients With an Upper-Extremity Injury: A Critically Appraised Topic","volume":"30","author":"Bartlett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Tamaru, Y., Yanagawa, A., and Matsugi, A. (2021, September 09). Dataset_CTS, Mendeley Data, Version 2. Available online: https:\/\/data.mendeley.com\/research-data\/?search=doi:10.17632\/dpyg8dw49n.2."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/18\/4121\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:38Z","timestamp":1760166098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/18\/4121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10184121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10184121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]}}}