{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:12:03Z","timestamp":1783051923577,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) affects 4.4% of women aged 18\u201344 in the United States, and may cause infertility if it is ineffectively treated. A combination of clindamycin and gentamicin is generally used for the treatment of PID. The benefit of adding metronidazole into the treatment combination still remains unclear, and this study was designed to evaluate its effectiveness. We retrospectively included 107 women who were diagnosed with PID from May 2013 to September 2020 in a single hospital. Based on their used antibiotic regimens, the patients were divided into three groups\u2014those who were treated with clindamycin + gentamicin (group 1, n = 46), those who took regular antibiotics plus metronidazole (group 2, n = 27), and others (group 3, n = 34). Primary outcomes included the rates of taking surgery after failed antibiotics, occurrence\/rupture of tubo-ovarian abscesses, and readmission within the following 6 months of first treatment. Secondary outcomes to assess were the length of stay (LOS) and expenditure for PID. There were no significant differences in the surgical rates, readmission rates, LOS and expenditure noted between the three groups. Subgroup analysis showed that visual analogue pain scores being 5 or more would increase the LOS by 3.83 days (p &lt; 0.001), and body temperature &gt; 38.3 \u00b0C or more would increase the treatment total expenditure (p &lt; 0.001). Our study results suggest that the combination of clindamycin + gentamicin is a convincible treatment protocol for PID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T21:47:21Z","timestamp":1631656041000},"page":"4145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Combination of Clindamycin and Gentamicin Is Adequate for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Li-Yeh","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomor","family":"Harnod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hsun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5105-068X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dah-Ching","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1258\/095646205774763270","article-title":"A Review on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease","volume":"16","author":"Barrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. 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