{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:55:59Z","timestamp":1781625359472,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthodontic-induced external apical root resorption (EARR) is a severe condition affecting the roots of the teeth, whose genetic causes have been inconclusive to date. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) IL-1\u03b2, TNFRSF11B, CASP1, and IL-6 genes on post-orthodontic EARR. A sample of 101 patients with clearly assessable orthopantomograms and lateral cephalometric radiographs taken before and at the end of the orthodontic treatment was used to evaluate the presence of EARR. The association between genetic polymorphisms and EARR was assessed with the Chi2 test. A binary logistic multi-level model was built to evaluate the ability of patient- and tooth-level variables to predict EARR occurrence. The overall prevalence of EARR resulted to be around 40%. Within the limitations of this study, a significant association was found between EARR presence and the SNP for the IL-1\u03b2 gene but not for the TNFRSF11B, CASP1, and the IL-6 genes. The final multi-level model demonstrated that the SNP for the IL-1\u03b2 gene increases the odds of developing EARR by around four times. Since there is currently no accurate method to determine which patients will develop EARR prior to orthodontic treatment, further studies are needed to investigate the predictive ability of further genetic variants on EARR development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T12:00:44Z","timestamp":1631707244000},"page":"4166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Association between Polymorphisms in the IL-1\u03b2, TNFRSF11B, CASP1, and IL-6 Genes and Orthodontic-Induced External Apical Root Resorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9038-2871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Ciurla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentist\u2019s Office ORTO-PUNKT, Mo\u015bcickiego St. 72\/1, 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1088-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crystal","family":"Marruganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Periodontology, Endodontology, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Doldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orthodontics, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6923-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Szyma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Comprehensive Paediatric and Adult Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chod\u017aki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(99)80032-2","article-title":"Root resorption caused by orthodontic treatment: An evidence-based review of literature","volume":"5","author":"Killiany","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. 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