{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T07:01:46Z","timestamp":1772953306342,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visual evoked potentials (VEP) are changes in potentials that arise in the central nervous system. In the interpretation of the VEP test results, it is assumed that the elongation of the latency time is caused by the demyelination of the nerve fibers, and the axon damage is responsible for the decrease in the amplitude. The observed VEP deviations are not specific for specific diseases, but indicate disturbances in visual conductivity. VEP may play a diagnostic role in the early detection of visual involvement. The aim of the study was the functioning of visual pathway assessment on the basis of visual evoked potentials (VEP) examination, in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome (pSS), without focal symptoms of central nervous system disorder. The effect of disease activity, as assessed by clinical parameters and antibody levels (anti-Ro52, SSA, and SSB), on the central nervous system was also evaluated. Thirty-two consecutive patient with pSS (31 females, 1 male) were included in the study. VEP was performed at baseline, and after 6 (T6) years. Their results were compared longitudinally between the baseline and T6, depending on the duration of the disease and treatment. The immunological activity of pSS was also analyzed. The group of patients showed a significant prolongation of the P100 implicit time (105.5 \u00b1 5.1 vs. 100.6 \u00b1 3.9; p = 0.000) and a significant higher the P100-N145 amplitude (12.3 \u00b1 4.1 vs. 9.4 \u00b1 3.0; p = 0.000). Abnormalities in electrophysiological parameters of VEP at baseline correlated with presentation of anti-Ro52 antibodies and aching joints. At baseline, the P100 implicit time was shorter for the patients with pSS than for those at T6 (105.50 \u00b1 5.1 vs. 109.37 \u00b1 5.67; p = 0.002). pSS patients without CNS involvement presented with dysfunction of visual pathway, as revealed by VEP abnormalities. Relationships were found between VEP parameters and with present of anti-Ro52 antibodies and aching joints. VEP may be a useful method for assessment and monitoring of subclinical visual deficit in the course of pSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T21:38:12Z","timestamp":1631828292000},"page":"4196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Visual Evoked Potentials as Potential Biomarkers of Visual Function in Patients with Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9618-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Dziadkowiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wroc\u0142aw, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pokryszko-Dragan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Madej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Waliszewska-Pros\u00f3\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Budrewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Wiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ejma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00291","article-title":"Clinical Analysis: Aqueous-Deficient and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Patients with Primary Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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