{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:01:34Z","timestamp":1787500894095,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral minoxidil is an approved treatment for high blood pressure which is also used as an off-label drug for alopecia. Knowledge about the effects of systemic minoxidil in the paediatric population is limited. A retrospective case series study of paediatric patients with history of systemic minoxidil intake due to contaminated sets of omeprazole was performed to describe side effects of high dose oral minoxidil intake in children. Twenty patients aged between 2 months and 13 years joined the study. They had received high doses of oral minoxidil (mean dose 0.90 mg\/kg\/day) during a mean time of 38.3 days. Hypertrichosis appeared in 65%, with a mean latency time of 24.31 days. Treatment time was associated with the appearance of hypertrichosis (p &lt; 0.05). Most common initial zone of hypertrichosis was the face. Systemic effects developed in 15%, with no cases of severe disorders. The present study shows a novel insight into the side effects of high doses of oral minoxidil in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T08:04:23Z","timestamp":1632211463000},"page":"4257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Systemic Minoxidil Accidental Exposure in a Paediatric Population: A Case Series Study of Cutaneous and Systemic Side Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3626-1558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"L\u00f3pez-Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trinidad","family":"Montero-V\u00edlchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9999-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Salvador-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6882-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Molina-Leyva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1548-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Tercedor-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Paediatric Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Arias-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, IBS Granada, 18002 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Granada University, 18002 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.06.1009","article-title":"Oral minoxidil treatment for hair loss: A review of efficacy and safety","volume":"84","author":"Randolph","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12707","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12707","article-title":"Case series of oral minoxidil for androgenetic and traction alopecia: Tolerability & the five C\u2019s of oral therapy","volume":"31","author":"Beach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11775.1","article-title":"Treatment of chronic telogen effluvium with oral minoxidil: A retrospective study","volume":"6","author":"Perera","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13950","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13950","article-title":"Topical and oral minoxidil for hair disorders in pediatric patients: What do we know so far?","volume":"33","author":"Lemes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198122040-00001","article-title":"Minoxidil: A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use","volume":"22","author":"Campese","year":"1981","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S214907","article-title":"Minoxidil and its use in hair disorders: A review","volume":"13","author":"Suchonwanit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug. Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(88)90086-7","article-title":"Histologic response to topically applied minoxidil in male-pattern alopecia","volume":"6","author":"Abell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02115.x","article-title":"Minoxidil upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human hair dermal papilla cells","volume":"138","author":"Lachgar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11317","article-title":"Control of hair growth and follicle size by VEGF-mediated angiogenesis","volume":"107","author":"Yano","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yum, S., Jeong, S., Kim, D., Lee, S., Kim, W., Yoo, J.-W., Kim, J.-A., Kwon, O.S., Kim, D.-D., and Min, D.S. (2018). Minoxidil Induction of VEGF Is Mediated by Inhibition of HIF-Prolyl Hydroxylase. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010053"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(97)00120-8","article-title":"Sulfation of minoxidil by multiple human cytosolic sulfotransferases","volume":"109","author":"Anderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12741","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12741","article-title":"Low-dose daily aspirin reduces topical minoxidil efficacy in androgenetic alopecia patients","volume":"31","author":"Goren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000096924","article-title":"Topical use of minoxidil in children and systemic side effects","volume":"214","author":"Georgala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000301","article-title":"Minoxidil topical solution: An unsafe product for children","volume":"31","author":"Claudet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kassai, B., Bouy\u00e9, P., Gilbert-Dussardier, B., Godart, F., Thambo, J.-B., Rossi, M., Cochat, P., Chirossel, P., Luong, S., and Serusclat, A. (2019). Minoxidil versus placebo in the treatment of arterial wall hypertrophy in children with Williams Beuren Syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatr., 19, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31138170.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1544-1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.78.5.861","article-title":"Minoxidil for control of acute blood pressure elevation in chronically hypertensive children","volume":"78","author":"Strife","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(77)81260-2","article-title":"Minoxidil therapy in children with severe hypertension","volume":"90","author":"Pennisi","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(83)80014-6","article-title":"Severe hypertension in children with renal disease: Treatment with minoxidil","volume":"3","author":"Puri","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19756","article-title":"Low-dose oral minoxidil improves global hair density and length in children with loose anagen hair syndrome","volume":"184","author":"Jerjen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.09.003","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy review of chronic pediatric hypertension","volume":"33","author":"Meyers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.08.124","article-title":"Characterization and management of hypertrichosis induced by low-dose oral minoxidil in the treatment of hair loss","volume":"84","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/18\/4257\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:02:24Z","timestamp":1760166144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/18\/4257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10184257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10184257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]}}}