{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:16:40Z","timestamp":1783167400367,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There have been significant advancements in male infertility microsurgery over time, and there continues to be significant promise for new and emerging techniques, technologies, and methodologies. In this review, we discuss the history of male infertility and the evolution of microsurgery, the essential role of education and training in male infertility microsurgery, and new technologies in this space. We also review the potentially important role of artificial intelligence (AI) in male infertility and microsurgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T08:04:23Z","timestamp":1632211463000},"page":"4259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Technological Advancements in Male Infertility Microsurgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2127-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahid","family":"Punjani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Male Reproductive Medicine and Microsurgery, Cornell Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9942-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Male Reproductive Medicine and Microsurgery, Cornell Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Male Reproductive Medicine and Microsurgery, Cornell Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip S.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Male Reproductive Medicine and Microsurgery, Cornell Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.170370","article-title":"Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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