{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:07:02Z","timestamp":1778180822740,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Little is known about the effectiveness of trauma-focused therapies for memories of events not meeting the A-criterion of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Objective: Determining the effect of EMDR therapy on memories of emotional abuse, neglect and other types of adverse events in patients with a personality disorder (PD). Method: We conducted a secondary analysis of the data from our study, which aimed to determine the effectiveness of five sessions of EMDR therapy in 49 patients with a PD. Patients were divided into three different groups depending on their most prevalent type of adverse event. Data were analyzed with Generalized Estimating Equations. Results: Of all patients, 49% reported emotional neglect, 22.4% emotional abuse and 26.5% other types. Only one patient reported memories that predominantly fulfilled the A-criterion of PTSD. After five sessions of EMDR therapy, medium to large treatment effects for memories related to neglect (ds between 0.52 and 0.79), medium treatment effects for memories involving emotional abuse (ds between 0.18 and 0.59) and other types of adverse events were found (ds between 0.18 and 0.53). No significant differences in symptom reduction associated with the application of EMDR therapy among memories involving these three different types of adverse events could be revealed. Conclusions: The results support the notion that EMDR therapy is not only an effective therapy for memories related to A-criteria-worthy events, but that it also has a symptom-reducing effect on memories involving other types of adverse events. This suggests that EMDR might be a valuable addition to the treatment of PD without PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T09:59:15Z","timestamp":1632391155000},"page":"4333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Does EMDR Therapy Have an Effect on Memories of Emotional Abuse, Neglect and Other Types of Adverse Events in Patients with a Personality Disorder? Preliminary Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Laurian","family":"Hafkemeijer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GGZ Delfland, Sint Jorisweg 2, 2612 GA Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemieke","family":"Starrenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GGZ Delfland, Sint Jorisweg 2, 2612 GA Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Job","family":"van der Palen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data Analysis, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Slotema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality Disorders, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, 2512 VA The Hague, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-9708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad","family":"de Jongh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Department, PSYTREC, 3723 MB Bilthoven, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Salford University, Manchester M13 9NQ, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Society, University of Worcester, Worcester WR2 6AJ, UK"},{"name":"School of Psychology, Queen\u2019s University, BT9 5BN Belfast, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2010.24.3.285","article-title":"Disentangling the relationship between different types of childhood maltreatment and personality disorders","volume":"24","author":"Lobbestael","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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