{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:16:25Z","timestamp":1778721385374,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the introduction of indocyanine green (ICG) as a fluorophore in near-infrared imaging, fluorescence visualization has become an essential tool in many fields of surgery. In the field of gynecology, recent new applications have been proposed and found their place in clinical practice. Different applications in gynecology were investigated, subcategorized, and overviewed concerning surgical applications and available dyes. Specific applications in which fluorescence-guided surgery was implemented in gynecology are described in this manuscript\u2014namely, sentinel node biopsy, mesometrium visualization, angiography of different organs, safety issues in pregnant women, ureters visualization, detection of peritoneal metastases, targeted fluorophores for cancer detection, fluorescent contamination hysterectomy, lymphography for lower limb lymphedema prevention, tumor margin detection, endometriosis, and metastases mapping. With evolving technology, further innovative research on the new applications of fluorescence visualization in cancer surgery may help to establish these techniques as standards of high-quality surgery in gynecology. However, more investigations are necessary in order to assess if these innovative tools can also be effective to improve patient outcomes and quality of life in different gynecologic malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T04:55:33Z","timestamp":1632718533000},"page":"4387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Comprehensive Review of Fluorescence Applications in Gynecology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Polom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7270-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"Kalinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"},{"name":"Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure Poland (BBMRI.pl), 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Diana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCAD, Research Institute against Digestive Cancer, 67-091 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"ICube Lab, Photonics for Health, University of Strasbourg, 67-091 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67-091 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Chand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, GENIE Centre, University College London, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast International Group. 20, Rue de Bretagne\/Bretagnestraat, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sambor","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Polom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Marii Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 3a, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2325\/jbcs.12.211","article-title":"Fluorescence navigation with indocyanine green for detecting sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Kitai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21943","article-title":"The clinical use of indocyanine green as a near-infrared fluorescent contrast agent for image-guided oncologic surgery","volume":"104","author":"Schaafsma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26087","article-title":"Current trends and emerging future of indocyanine green usage in surgery and oncology","volume":"117","author":"Polom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70104-2","article-title":"Size of sentinel-node metastasis and chances of non-sentinel-node involvement and survival in early stage vulvar cancer: Results from GROINSS-V, a multicentre observational study","volume":"11","author":"Oonk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.41.2528","article-title":"Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Women With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study","volume":"30","author":"Levenback","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn397","article-title":"Systematic Pelvic Lymphadenectomy vs No Lymphadenectomy in Early-Stage Endometrial Carcinoma: Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"100","author":"Panici","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61766-3","article-title":"The Writing Committee ASTEC Study Group Efficacy of systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer (MRC ASTEC trial): A randomised study","volume":"373","author":"Swart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.04.006","article-title":"Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsies in Endometrial Cancer: Practice Patterns among Gynecologic Oncologists in the United States","volume":"27","author":"Renz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2019.30.e35","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node mapping in endometrial and cervical cancer: A survey of practices and attitudes in gynecologic oncologists","volume":"30","author":"Chambers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1177\/548.6512","article-title":"The Usefulness of Photodynamic Eye for Sentinel Lymph Node Identification in Patients with Cervical Cancer","volume":"96","author":"Furukawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tumori J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.09.025","article-title":"Robotically assisted fluorescence-guided lymph node mapping with ICG for gynecologic malignancies: A feasibility study","volume":"124","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2012.04.009","article-title":"Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with endometrial cancer undergoing robotic-assisted staging: A comparison of colorimetric and fluorescence imaging","volume":"126","author":"Holloway","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-016-5236-x","article-title":"Sentinel Node Mapping in Cervical and Endometrial Cancer: Indocyanine Green Versus Other Conventional Dyes\u2014A Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ruscito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2019.03.103","article-title":"Green versus blue: Randomized controlled trial comparing indocyanine green with methylene blue for sentinel lymph node detection in endometrial cancer","volume":"153","author":"Rozenholc","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-016-2297-y","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node mapping in patients with stage I endometrial carcinoma: A focus on bilateral mapping identification by comparing radiotracer Tc99m with blue dye versus indocyanine green fluorescent dye","volume":"143","author":"Papadia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"194","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node mapping in endometrial cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"How","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.02.028","article-title":"Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in minimally invasive surgery using indocyanine green and near-infrared fluorescence imaging for uterine and cervical malignancies","volume":"133","author":"Jewell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-010-0425-7","article-title":"Intraoperative Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging for the Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Cervical Cancer: A Novel Concept","volume":"13","author":"Crane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0b013e31819142dc","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Histology and Positive Lymph Node Involvement Following Radical Hysterectomy in Carcinoma of the Cervix","volume":"32","author":"Macdonald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1438.2000.010004305.x","article-title":"Overall 5-year survival rate and prognostic factors in patients with stage IB and IIA cervical cancer treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Conte, M., Panici, P.B., Guariglia, L., Scambia, G., Greggi, S., and Mancuso, S. (1990). Pelvic lymphocele following radical para-aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy for cervical carcinoma: Incidence rate and percutaneous management. Obstet. Gynecol., 76."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Vorst, J.R., Hutteman, M., Gaarenstroom, K.N., Peters, A.A., Mieog, J.S., Schaafsma, B.E., Kuppen, P.J., Frangioni, J.V., van de Velde, C.J., and Vahrmeijer, A.L. Optimization of near-infrared fluorescent sentinel lymph node mapping in cervical cancer patients. Int J. Gynecol. Cancer., 21, 1472\u20131478.","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0b013e31822b451d"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30448-0","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence for detection of sentinel lymph nodes in women with cervical and uterine cancers (FILM): A randomised, phase 3, multicentre, non-inferiority trial","volume":"19","author":"Frumovitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518803041","article-title":"Indocyanine green can stand alone in detecting sentinel lymph nodes in cervical cancer","volume":"46","author":"Ulain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-09222-x","article-title":"Utility of Intraoperative Fluorescence Imaging in Gynecologic Surgery: Systematic Review and Consensus Statement","volume":"28","author":"Zapardiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crane, L.M., Themelis, G., Buddingh, K.T., Harlaar, N.J., Pleijhuis, R.G., Sarantopoulos, A., Van Der Zee, A.G., Ntziachristos, V., and Van Dam, G.M. (2010). Multispectral Real-time Fluorescence Imaging for Intraoperative Detection of the Sentinel Lymph Node in Gynecologic Oncology. J. Vis. Exp., e2225.","DOI":"10.3791\/2225"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05415-2","article-title":"Sentinel lymph node mapping with fluorescent and radioactive tracers in vulvar cancer patients","volume":"301","author":"Prader","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000000419","article-title":"Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Vulvar Cancer Using Combined Radioactive and Fluorescence Guidance","volume":"25","author":"Verbeek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000000996","article-title":"Sentinel Lymphadenectomy in Vulvar Cancer Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence From Indocyanine Green Compared With Technetium 99m Nanocolloid","volume":"27","author":"Soergel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2019-000936","article-title":"Evolution and outcomes of sentinel lymph node mapping in vulvar cancer","volume":"30","author":"Broach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2020.09.044","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence imaging compared to standard sentinel lymph node detection with blue dye in patients with vulvar cancer \u2013 a randomized controlled trial","volume":"159","author":"Deken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2018.04.568","article-title":"Robotic video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (R-VEIL) for vulvar cancer with sentinel node mapping using indocyanine green and near-infrared fluorescence imaging technology","volume":"150","author":"Naldini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2019-000606","article-title":"Feasibility of sentinel lymph node mapping of the ovary: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Laven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2016.09.006","article-title":"Near-infrared Fluorescence-guided Sentinel Node Mapping of the Ovary With Indocyanine Green in a Minimally Invasive Setting: A Feasible Study","volume":"24","author":"Buda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"23","article-title":"Laparoscopic indocyanine green sentinel lymph node mapping in early ovarian cancer. A pilot study and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Angelucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital. J. Gynaecol. Obstetrics."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.05.005","article-title":"Sentinel-node biopsy in early-stage ovarian cancer: Preliminary results of a prospective multicentre study (SELLY)","volume":"221","author":"Uccella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.12.004","article-title":"Laparoscopic sentinel node detection with ICG for early ovarian cancer: Description of a technique and literature review","volume":"221","author":"Uccella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, I.O., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, S., Kim, S.W., Kim, Y.T., and Nam, E.J. (2017). Sentinel lymph node mapping with indocyanine green in vaginal cancer. J. Gynecol. Oncol., 28.","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2017.28.e29"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laios, A., Volpi, D., Tullis, I.D.C., Woodward, M., Kennedy, S., Pathiraja, P.N.J., Haldar, K., Vojnovic, B., and Ahmed, A.A. (2015). A prospective pilot study of detection of sentinel lymph nodes in gynaecological cancers using a novel near infrared fluorescence imaging system. BMC Res. Notes, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1576-z"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.06.012","article-title":"Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging During Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Sentinel Node Biopsy: A First Step Towards a Fluorescence-based Anatomic Roadmap","volume":"72","author":"Berg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91510-2","article-title":"RECURRENCE AND SURVIVAL AFTER TOTAL MESORECTAL EXCISION FOR RECTAL CANCER","volume":"327","author":"Heald","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2008.01735.x","article-title":"Standardized surgery for colonic cancer: Complete mesocolic excision and central ligation\u2014Technical notes and outcome","volume":"11","author":"Hohenberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2012.12.020","article-title":"Mesogastrium: A fifth route of metastasis in gastric cancer?","volume":"80","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70060-9","article-title":"Association between developmental steps in the organogenesis of the uterine cervix and locoregional progression of cervical cancer: A prospective clinicopathological analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hentschel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3956-y","article-title":"Embryologically based radical hysterectomy as peritoneal mesometrial resection (PMMR) with pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy for loco-regional tumor control in endometrial cancer: First evidence for efficacy","volume":"294","author":"Kimmig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2017.04.002","article-title":"Technique of ICG-guided Targeted Compartmental Pelvic Lymphadenectomy (TCL) combined with Pelvic Peritoneal Mesometrial Resection (PMMR) for locoregional control of endometrial cancer - A proposal","volume":"20","author":"Kimmig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2021.32.e7","article-title":"Cancer field surgery in endometrial cancer: Peritoneal mesometrial resection and targeted compartmental lymphadenectomy for locoregional control","volume":"32","author":"Buderath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2017.01.008","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the ligamentous mesometrium and robotically assisted ICG-guided resection in cervical cancer","volume":"20","author":"Kimmig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(11)10","article-title":"Uterine transplantation: A systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Ejzenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(01)00597-5","article-title":"Transplantation of the human uterus","volume":"76","author":"Fageeh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2232","article-title":"Fallopian tube perfusion in ex-vivo and in-vivo laparoscopic hysterectomy specimens: Potential application for uterine transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Farag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2901","article-title":"Living Donor Uterus Transplantation: A Single Center\u2019s Observations and Lessons Learned From Early Setbacks to Technical Success","volume":"17","author":"Testa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab. Archaeol. Epigr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.034","article-title":"Analysis of urologic complications after radical hysterectomy","volume":"199","author":"Likic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2013.08.001","article-title":"Role of the two-point pull-up technique for treating the uterine arteries during radical hysterectomy and trachelectomy","volume":"170","author":"Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12692","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012692","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography for preserving the ureteral branch of the uterine artery during radical hysterectomy","volume":"97","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weizman, N.F., Einarsson, J.I., Wang, K.C., Vitonis, A.F., and Cohen, S.L. (2015). Vaginal Cuff Dehiscence: Risk Factors and Associated Morbidities. JSLS J. Soc. Laparoendosc. Surg., 19.","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2013.00351"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beran, B.D., Shockley, M., Padilla, P.F., Farag, S., Escobar, P., Zimberg, S., and Sprague, M.L. (2018). Laser Angiography to Assess the Vaginal Cuff During Robotic Hysterectomy. JSLS J. Soc. Laparoendosc. Surg., 22.","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2018.00001"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2016.12.021","article-title":"Laser Angiography with Indocyanine Green to Assess Vaginal Cuff Perfusion during Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: A Pilot Study","volume":"24","author":"Beran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30454","article-title":"Pedicled neurocutaneous anterolateral thigh flap for groin reconstruction \u2013 A case report","volume":"39","author":"Gentileschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11478","article-title":"Intra- and Postoperative Blood Flow Monitoring in a Sheep Model of Uterus Transplantation","volume":"33","author":"Lotz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der276","article-title":"Uterus autotransplantation in cynomolgus macaques: Intraoperative evaluation of uterine blood flow using indocyanine green","volume":"26","author":"Mihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35989","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35989","article-title":"Surgical technique for allogeneic uterus transplantation in macaques","volume":"6","author":"Obara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70914-1","article-title":"Clinical features of irreversible rejection after allogeneic uterus transplantation in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"10","author":"Kisu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kisu, I., Banno, K., Mihara, M., Lin, L.-Y., Tsuji, K., Yanokura, M., Hara, H., Araki, J., Iida, T., and Abe, T. (2012). Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging for Evaluation of Uterine Blood Flow in Cynomolgus Macaque. PLOS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035124"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-2910-0","article-title":"Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in the pregnant cynomolgus macaque: Childbearing is supported by a unilateral uterine artery and vein alone?","volume":"288","author":"Kisu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2016.08.239","article-title":"Utility of indocyanine green (ICG) intra-operative angiography to determine uterine vascular perfusion at the time of radical trachelectomy","volume":"143","author":"Escobar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-07735-w","article-title":"Intraoperative use of fluorescence with indocyanine green reduces anastomotic leak rates in rectal cancer surgery: An individual participant data analysis","volume":"34","author":"Arezzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-016-1400-9","article-title":"Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography for intraoperative assessment of gastrointestinal anastomotic perfusion: A systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"401","author":"Degett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Archives of Surgery"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.02.122","article-title":"Clinical use of endovenous indocyanine green during rectosigmoid segmental resection for endometriosis","volume":"109","author":"Seracchioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.03.042","article-title":"Indocyanine green in deep infiltrating endometriosis: A preliminary feasibility study to examine vascularization after rectal shaving","volume":"114","author":"Bourdel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.08.063","article-title":"Real-time indocyanine green fluorescent angiography in laparoscopic sigmoid vaginoplasty to assess perfusion of the pedicled sigmoid segment","volume":"112","author":"Bouman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.3.353","article-title":"Safety of indocyanine green angiography during pregnancy: A survey of the retina, macula, and vitreous societies","volume":"119","author":"Fineman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3351","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00374","article-title":"Near Infrared Imaging of Indocyanine Green Distribution in Pregnant Mice and Effects of Concomitant Medications","volume":"12","author":"Bishara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.04.017","article-title":"Maternal\u2013fetal transfer of indocyanine green across the perfused human placenta","volume":"62","author":"Shmuel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2020.04.004","article-title":"Use of Indocyanine Green for Intraoperative Perfusion Assessment in Women with Ureteral Endometriosis: A Preliminary Study","volume":"28","author":"Raimondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350619827152","article-title":"Real-Time Visualization of Ureters Using Indocyanine Green During Laparoscopic Surgeries: Can We Make Surgery Safer?","volume":"26","author":"Mandovra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Innov."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2019-000895","article-title":"Intra-operative identification of ureters using indocyanine green for gynecological oncology procedures","volume":"30","author":"Cabanes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350620968990","article-title":"Neovagina creation in congenital vaginal agenesis: New mini-laparoscopic approach applying intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence","volume":"28","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Innov."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.02.3187","article-title":"Intraoperative Near Infrared Fluorescence Guided Identification of the Ureters Using Low Dose Methylene Blue: A First in Human Experience","volume":"190","author":"Verbeek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6219-8","article-title":"Methylene blue fluorescence of the ureter during colorectal surgery","volume":"32","author":"Barnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2016.0264","article-title":"Fluorescence Ureteral Visualization in Human Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery Using Methylene Blue","volume":"26","author":"Bos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cwalinski, T., Polom, W., Marano, L., Roviello, G., D\u2019Angelo, A., Cwalina, N., Matuszewski, M., Roviello, F., Jaskiewicz, J., and Polom, K. (2020). Methylene Blue\u2014Current Knowledge, Fluorescent Properties, and Its Future Use. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113538"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farnam, R.W., Arms, R.G., Klaassen, A.H., and Sorger, J.M. (2019). Intraoperative ureter visualization using a near-infrared imaging agent. J. Biomed. Opt., 24.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.6.066004"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2020.06.022","article-title":"Fluorescence Imaging of the Ureter in Minimally Invasive Pelvic Surgery","volume":"28","author":"Huh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.21037\/ls-20-111","article-title":"A systematic review of clinically available and experimental dyes for intraoperative near-infrared fluorescence imaging of the ureters during laparoscopic surgery","volume":"5","author":"Faber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laparosc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tummers, Q.R.J.G., Hoogstins, C.E.S., Peters, A.A.W., De Kroon, C.D., Trimbos, J.B.M.Z., Van De Velde, C.J.H., Frangioni, J.V., Vahrmeijer, A.L., and Gaarenstroom, K. (2015). The Value of Intraoperative Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Based on Enhanced Permeability and Retention of Indocyanine Green: Feasibility and False-Positives in Ovarian Cancer. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129766"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-020-00821-9","article-title":"Indocyanine green fluorescence-guided intraoperative detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis: Systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2013.123","article-title":"Image-guided cancer surgery using near-infrared fluorescence","volume":"10","author":"Vahrmeijer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2472","article-title":"Intraoperative tumor-specific fluorescence imaging in ovarian cancer by folate receptor-\u03b1 targeting: First in-human results","volume":"17","author":"Themelis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23155","article-title":"Folate receptor-\u03b1 targeted near-infrared fluorescence imaging in high-risk endometrial cancer patients: A tissue microarray and clinical feasibility study","volume":"9","author":"Boogerd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2640","article-title":"A Novel Tumor-Specific Agent for Intraoperative Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging: A Translational Study in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Ovarian Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Hoogstins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Muynck, L.D.A.N., Gaarenstroom, K.N., Sier, C.F.M., Van Duijvenvoorde, M., Bosse, T., Mieog, J.S.D., De Kroon, C.D., Vahrmeijer, A.L., and Peters, I.T.A. (2020). Novel Molecular Targets for Tumor-Specific Imaging of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Metastases. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061562"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804923","article-title":"Survival after Minimally Invasive Radical Hysterectomy for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer","volume":"379","author":"Melamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1806395","article-title":"Minimally Invasive versus Abdominal Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer","volume":"379","author":"Ramirez","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13681","article-title":"Peritoneal contamination with ICG -stained cervical secretion as surrogate for potential cervical cancer tumor cell dissemination: A proof-of-principle study for laparoscopic hysterectomy","volume":"98","author":"Klapdor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. et Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-007-9412-x","article-title":"Axillary Reverse Mapping (ARM): A New Concept to Identify and Enhance Lymphatic Preservation","volume":"14","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2019.06.009","article-title":"Near-infrared fluorescence imaging for the prevention and management of breast cancer-related lymphedema: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Abbaci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. (EJSO)"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2013.02.001","article-title":"Indocyanine green lymphography for evaluation of genital lymphedema in secondary lower extremity lymphedema patients","volume":"1","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2010.10.011","article-title":"Simultaneous multi-site lymphaticovenular anastomoses for primary lower extremity and genital lymphoedema complicated with severe lymphorrhea","volume":"64","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthetic Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101768","article-title":"Use of fluorescence to guide surgical resection in vulvo-vaginal neoplasia: Two case reports","volume":"50","author":"Macias","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2018.02.023","article-title":"Near-Infrared Imaging with Indocyanine Green for Detection of Endometriosis Lesions (Gre-Endo Trial): A Pilot Study","volume":"25","author":"Cosentino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13803","article-title":"Visualization of endometriosis with laparoscopy and near-infrared optics with indocyanine green","volume":"99","author":"Siegenthaler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. et Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ianieri, M.M., Della Corte, L., Campolo, F., Cosentino, F., Catena, U., Bifulco, G., and Scambia, G. (2020). Indocyanine green in the surgical management of endometriosis: A systematic review. Acta Obstet. et Gynecol. Scand.","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13971"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1245\/ASO.2006.04.025","article-title":"Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping of the Gastrointestinal Tract by Using Invisible Light","volume":"13","author":"Soltesz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znaa004","article-title":"Artificial intelligence indocyanine green (ICG) perfusion for colorectal cancer intra-operative tissue classification","volume":"108","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJS"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-06736-8","article-title":"Comparison of enhanced laparoscopic imaging techniques in endometriosis surgery: A diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"34","author":"Lier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13866","article-title":"Real three-dimensional approach vs two-dimensional camera with and without real-time near-infrared imaging with indocyanine green for detection of endometriosis: A case-control study","volume":"99","author":"Vizzielli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. et Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreklau, A., Benitez, R.L., Fornaro, J., Meili, G., and G\u00fcnthert, A. (2018). Computer Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Indocyanine Green Injection for Intraoperative Mapping of Metastatic Suspected Lesions. Front. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00191"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/19\/4387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:05:04Z","timestamp":1760166304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/19\/4387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10194387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10194387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]}}}