{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T05:09:45Z","timestamp":1792472985654,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ankle osteoarthritis affects 1% of the population and, unlike gonarthrosis or coxarthrosis, is secondary to previous trauma in more than 75% of cases. Another peculiarity of this disease is that it affects a younger and active population, with socio-occupational implications. Mechanical factors, such as incongruity, instability, malalignment, and impacts, which increase stress on isolated areas of the ankle cartilage, have been clearly associated with the development of osteoarthritis. However, we cannot ignore the importance of pro-inflammatory mediators present from the moment of fracture as triggers of the cascade that eventually causes chondrocyte cell death, ultimately responsible for ankle osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T08:27:44Z","timestamp":1632904064000},"page":"4489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Ankle Osteoarthritis Aetiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6188-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Herrera-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Carretera de la Cuesta s\/n, 38320 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine (Health Sciences), Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra, s\/n, 38071 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4891-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Carretera de la Cuesta s\/n, 38320 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine (Health Sciences), Universidad de La Laguna, Campus de Ofra, s\/n, 38071 San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Vallejo-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Radiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Av. Manuel Siurot, s\/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre L.","family":"Godoy-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, 627, Sao Paulo 05652-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Valderrabano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Department, Swiss Ortho Center, Schmerzklinik Basel, Hirschg\u00e4sslein 15, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Tejero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Av. Manuel Siurot, s\/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. S\u00e1nchez Pizju\u00e1n, s\/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2012.02.005","article-title":"The demand incidence of symptomatic ankle osteoarthritis presenting to foot & ankle surgeons in the United Kingdom","volume":"22","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0543-6","article-title":"Etiology of ankle osteoarthritis","volume":"467","author":"Valderrabano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200305000-00026","article-title":"Ankle arthritis","volume":"85","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. 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