{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:03:22Z","timestamp":1790100202178,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the disabling nature of ankle osteoarthritis (OA), there is poor scientific evidence for a conservative treatment compared to the hip and knee OA. In this regard, most of the treatment options in use are not based on clinical studies of the ankle, and they are extracted from evidence obtained from clinical studies of other lower limb joints. However, this does not seem to be a good idea, since the aetiology of ankle OA is quite different from that of the hip or knee. Nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hyaluronic acid, corticosteroid, platelet-rich plasma injection and mesenchymal stem cells injections have been reported. However, further research is required in this field to obtain a specific clinical practice guideline for the conservative treatment of ankle OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T10:55:40Z","timestamp":1633085740000},"page":"4561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Conservative Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sergio","family":"Tejero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Av. Manuel Siurot, s\/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine (Health Sciences), University of Sevilla, Avda Dr. Fedriani, s\/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Prada-Chamorro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Av. Manuel Siurot, s\/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4891-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Carretera Ofra, s\/n, 38320 Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine (Health Sciences), Campus de Ofra, Universidad de La Laguna, San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, s\/n, 38071 Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Guirao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Av. Manuel Siurot, s\/n, 41013 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2520-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Galhoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Gerge Eliot Hospital, Nuneaton CV10 7DJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Valderrabano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Swiss Ortho Center, Schmerzklinik Basel, Swiss Medical Network, Hirschg\u2000sslein 15, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6188-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Herrera-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foot and Ankle Unit, Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology Service, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Carretera Ofra, s\/n, 38320 Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"School of Medicine (Health Sciences), Campus de Ofra, Universidad de La Laguna, San Crist\u00f3bal de La Laguna, s\/n, 38071 Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2008.08.004","article-title":"Non-drug therapies in early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Vlieland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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