{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:12:42Z","timestamp":1791252762368,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) patients eventually develop multi-drug-resistant disease with poor survival. Hence, the development of novel treatment strategies is of great importance. Recently, different classes of immunotherapeutic agents have shown great promise in heavily pre-treated MM, including T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). These BsAbs simultaneously interact with CD3 on effector T cells and a tumor-associated antigen on MM cells, resulting in redirection of T cells to MM cells. This leads to the formation of an immunologic synapse, the release of granzymes\/perforins, and subsequent tumor cell lysis. Several ongoing phase 1 studies show substantial activity and a favorable toxicity profile with BCMA-, GPRC5D-, or FcRH5-targeting BsAbs in heavily pre-treated MM patients. Resistance mechanisms against BsAbs include tumor-related features, T cell characteristics, and impact of components of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Various clinical trials are currently evaluating combination therapy with a BsAb and another agent, such as a CD38-targeting antibody or an immunomodulatory drug (e.g., pomalidomide), to further improve response depth and duration. Additionally, the combination of two BsAbs, simultaneously targeting two different antigens to prevent antigen escape, is being explored in clinical studies. The evaluation of BsAbs in earlier lines of therapy, including newly diagnosed MM, is warranted, based on the efficacy of BsAbs in advanced MM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T16:23:58Z","timestamp":1633623838000},"page":"4593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Current State of the Art and Prospects of T Cell-Redirecting Bispecific Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mashhour","family":"Hosny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8872-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christie P. M.","family":"Verkleij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jort","family":"van der Schans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine A.","family":"Frerichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuna","family":"Mutis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5011-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"Zweegman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7445-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels W. C. J.","family":"van de Donk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Hematology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, June 25). Myeloma-Cancer Stat Facts, Available online: Seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/mulmy.html."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"365","article-title":"Integrating emerging data into clinical practice: A case-based approach for multiple myeloma","volume":"8","author":"Kurtin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple myeloma","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. 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