{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T13:27:21Z","timestamp":1771939641087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To compare the number of hyper-reflective retinal spots (HRS) in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of healthy controls and patients affected with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: Thirty patients affected with POAG and 34 healthy controls were recruited and underwent raster OCT examination of the macular region. Among the acquired B-scans, the one with the lowest foveal thickness was selected, and a central area of 3000 \u03bcm was defined (region of interest, ROI), in order to identify HRS. HRS were defined as small point-like hyper-reflective elements, detectable at the visual inspection of the OCT image. HRS were independently counted by two investigators in the ROI of each OCT scan. Results: Inter-rater agreement for HRS counting was good to excellent (ICC = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.83\u20130.99). More HRS were found in the OCT images from glaucoma patients, in comparison with healthy controls (average value: 90.5 \u00b1 13.02 and 74.72 \u00b1 11.35, for glaucoma and healthy subjects, respectively; p &lt; 0.01). Significant correlations between the average number of HRS and visual field mean deviation (MD, p = 0.01) and pattern standard deviation (PSD, p &lt; 0.01) were found. Conclusions: OCT images from glaucoma patients showed a higher number of HRS when compared with healthy controls. As HRS have been hypothesized to be a sign of neuroinflammation, these results may support the role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma etiopathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T17:29:18Z","timestamp":1634059758000},"page":"4668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Comparison of Hyper-Reflective Retinal Spot Counts in Optical Coherence Tomography Images from Glaucomatous and Healthy Eyes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5462-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia-IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1885-7099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Bruttini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia-IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia-IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Montescani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia-IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Ardizzone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical & Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Pavia-IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6623-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Katsanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Oddone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7397-2260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivano","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Clinico Sant\u2019Anna, 25127 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2717","article-title":"The Role of Glia, Mitochondria, and the Immune System in Glaucoma","volume":"50","author":"Tezel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. 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