{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:41:55Z","timestamp":1792424515031,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recognition and management of life-threatening hemorrhage in the polytrauma patient poses several challenges to prehospital rescue personnel and hospital providers. First, identification of acute blood loss and the magnitude of lost volume after torso injury may not be readily apparent in the field. Because of the expression of highly effective physiological mechanisms that compensate for a sudden decrease in circulatory volume, a polytrauma patient with a significant blood loss may appear normal during examination by first responders. Consequently, for every polytrauma victim with a significant mechanism of injury we assume substantial blood loss has occurred and life-threatening hemorrhage is progressing until we can prove the contrary. Second, a decision to begin damage control resuscitation (DCR), a costly, highly complex, and potentially dangerous intervention must often be reached with little time and without sufficient clinical information about the intended recipient. Whether to begin DCR in the prehospital phase remains controversial. Furthermore, DCR executed imperfectly has the potential to worsen serious derangements including acidosis, coagulopathy, and profound homeostatic imbalances that DCR is designed to correct. Additionally, transfusion of large amounts of homologous blood during DCR potentially disrupts immune and inflammatory systems, which may induce severe systemic autoinflammatory disease in the aftermath of DCR. Third, controversy remains over the composition of components that are transfused during DCR. For practical reasons, unmatched liquid plasma or freeze-dried plasma is transfused now more commonly than ABO-matched fresh frozen plasma. Low-titer type O whole blood may prove safer than red cell components, although maintaining an inventory of whole blood for possible massive transfusion during DCR creates significant challenges for blood banks. Lastly, as the primary principle of management of life-threatening hemorrhage is surgical or angiographic control of bleeding, DCR must not eclipse these definitive interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T03:01:13Z","timestamp":1634698873000},"page":"4793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The Pathophysiology and Management of Hemorrhagic Shock in the Polytrauma Patient"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alison","family":"Fecher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Acute Care Surgery, Lutheran Hospital of Indiana, Fort Wayne, IN 46804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Stimpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Acute Care Surgery, Lutheran Hospital of Indiana, Fort Wayne, IN 46804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9126-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Ferrigno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, UCHealth, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy H.","family":"Pohlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgery Section, Woodlawn Hospital, Rochester, IN 46975, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2004.03.027","article-title":"Pedestrians injured by automobiles: Relationship of age to injury type and severity","volume":"199","author":"Demetriades","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.07.043","article-title":"Is there a role for aggressive use of fresh frozen plasma in massive transfusion of civilian trauma patients?","volume":"196","author":"Moore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1705649","article-title":"Hemorrhagic Shock","volume":"378","author":"Cannon","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000837","article-title":"Detailed description of all deaths in both the shock and traumatic brain injury hypertonic saline trials of the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium","volume":"261","author":"Tisherman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"489","article-title":"Results of the CONTROL trial: Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated Factor VII in the management of refractory traumatic hemorrhage","volume":"69","author":"Hauser","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamasurg.387","article-title":"The prospective, observational, multicenter, major trauma transfusion (PROMMTT) study: Comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks","volume":"148","author":"Holcomb","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000788","article-title":"Earlier Endpoints are Required for Hemorrhagic Shock Trials Among Severely Injured Patients","volume":"47","author":"Fox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199005000-00002","article-title":"Samuel, D. Gross: Pioneer academic trauma surgeon of 19th century America","volume":"30","author":"Mullins","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2006.10.003","article-title":"Early coagulopathy in multiple injury: An analysis from the German Trauma Registry on 8724 patients","volume":"38","author":"Maegele","year":"2007","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000075338.21177.EF","article-title":"Early coagulopathy predicts mortality in trauma","volume":"55","author":"MacLeod","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1459","article-title":"Increased mortality associated with the early coagulopathy of trauma in combat casualties","volume":"64","author":"Niles","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000256862.79374.31","article-title":"Acute traumatic coagulopathy: Initiated by hypoperfusion: Modulated through the protein C pathway?","volume":"245","author":"Brohi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000069184.82147.06","article-title":"Acute traumatic coagulopathy","volume":"54","author":"Brohi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000545","article-title":"Evolving beyond the vicious triad: Differential mediation of traumatic coagulopathy by injury, shock, and resuscitation","volume":"78","author":"Kutcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2001.045005550.x","article-title":"Evaluation of two methods to calculate p50 from a single blood sample","volume":"45","author":"Ekeloef","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2017.1313699","article-title":"Should modulation of p50 be a therapeutic target in the critically ill?","volume":"10","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.2.170","article-title":"The pulmonary physician in critical care * 2: Oxygen delivery and consumption in the critically ill","volume":"57","author":"Leach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Goal-directed therapy for severely hypoxic patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Permissive hypoxemia","volume":"55","author":"Abdelsalam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1737-7","article-title":"Transthoracic echocardiography: An accurate and precise method for estimating cardiac output in the critically ill patient","volume":"21","author":"Mercado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000236","article-title":"Monitoring: From cardiac output monitoring to echocardiography","volume":"21","author":"Jozwiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3525-z","article-title":"Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"40","author":"Cecconi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0531-4","article-title":"Hemodynamic monitoring in shock and implications for management. International Consensus Conference, Paris, France, 27\u201328 April 2006","volume":"33","author":"Antonelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003334","article-title":"Inaccuracy of estimated resting oxygen uptake in the clinical setting","volume":"129","author":"Narang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1995.1079","article-title":"Defining the relationship of oxygen delivery and consumption: Use of biologic system models","volume":"58","author":"Lubarsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14450","article-title":"Trauma-induced coagulopathy: The past, present, and future","volume":"17","author":"Kornblith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.05.012","article-title":"Syndecan-1: A Quantitative Marker for the Endotheliopathy of Trauma","volume":"225","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000642","article-title":"Sympathoadrenal Activation is Associated with Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy and Endotheliopathy in Isolated Brain Injury","volume":"46","author":"Rizoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1605-5","article-title":"Shock induced endotheliopathy (SHINE) in acute critical illness\u2014A unifying pathophysiologic mechanism","volume":"21","author":"Johansson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001304","article-title":"Sympathoadrenal activation and endotheliopathy are drivers of hypocoagulability and hyperfibrinolysis in trauma: A prospective observational study of 404 severely injured patients","volume":"82","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000961","article-title":"Modulating the endotheliopathy of trauma: Factor concentrate versus fresh frozen plasma","volume":"80","author":"Pati","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001378","article-title":"Resuscitative Strategies to Modulate the Endotheliopathy of Trauma: From Cell to Patient","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0064-8","article-title":"Innate immune responses to trauma","volume":"19","author":"Lambris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0481-5","article-title":"Endothelial glycocalyx shedding and vascular permeability in severely injured trauma patients","volume":"13","author":"Rahbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31825b5c10","article-title":"Endothelial glycocalyx degradation induces endogenous heparinization in patients with severe injury and early traumatic coagulopathy","volume":"73","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5482\/HAMO-13-07-0038","article-title":"The role of fibrinogen in trauma-induced coagulopathy","volume":"34","author":"Schlimp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hamostaseologie"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq161","article-title":"Role of fibrinogen in trauma-induced coagulopathy","volume":"105","author":"Fries","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R272","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10553","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation or acute coagulopathy of trauma shock early after trauma? An observational study","volume":"15","author":"Johansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R61","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13816","article-title":"Hemostasis during the early stages of trauma: Comparison with disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"18","author":"Oshiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2347-3","article-title":"The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: Fifth edition","volume":"23","author":"Spahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e328361422b","article-title":"The mean platelet volume is decreased in patients with mild head trauma and brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Lippi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e328364c2da","article-title":"Platelet aggregation following trauma: A prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Windelov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2012.01.050","article-title":"Early platelet dysfunction: An unrecognized role in the acute coagulopathy of trauma","volume":"214","author":"Wohlauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31828c7a6b","article-title":"Platelet activation and dysfunction in a large-animal model of traumatic brain injury and hemorrhage","volume":"74","author":"Sillesen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-03-0175","article-title":"Platelet function following trauma. A multiple electrode aggregometry study","volume":"106","author":"Solomon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00623a022","article-title":"A comparison of human prothrombin, factor IX (Christmas factor), factor X (Stuart factor), and protein S","volume":"16","author":"Hermodson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1538-7933.2003.00537.x","article-title":"The discovery of thrombomodulin","volume":"2","author":"Esmon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/35006683","article-title":"Structural basis for the anticoagulant activity of the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex","volume":"404","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sillen, M., and Declerck, P.J. (2021). Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI): An Updated Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073670"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-03-012567","article-title":"Thrombin-activatable procarboxypeptidase B regulates activated complement C5a in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Nishimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603362","article-title":"Successful Use of a Highly Purified Plasma von Willebrand Factor Concentrate Containing Little FVIII for the Long-Term Prophylaxis of Severe (Type 3) von Willebrand\u2019s Disease","volume":"43","author":"Simurda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051054","article-title":"Plasma levels of the three endothelial-specific proteins von Willebrand factor, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and thrombomodulin do not predict the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Bajaj","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001690","article-title":"Role of Von Willebrand Factor after Injury: It May Do More Than We Think","volume":"55","author":"Zeineddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.1.199.413k14_199_207","article-title":"Marked temperature dependence of the platelet calcium signal induced by human von Willebrand factor","volume":"94","author":"Kermode","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1571339","article-title":"Clinical Features and Management of Congenital Fibrinogen Deficiencies","volume":"42","author":"Casini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"318","article-title":"The use of fibrinogen concentrate for the management of trauma-related bleeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Mengoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2012.04752.x","article-title":"Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Rourke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"125","article-title":"Hyperfibrinolysis after major trauma: Differential diagnosis of lysis patterns and prognostic value of thrombelastometry","volume":"67","author":"Schochl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R137","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12816","article-title":"Estimation of plasma fibrinogen levels based on hemoglobin, base excess and Injury Severity Score upon emergency room admission","volume":"17","author":"Schlimp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R52","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13798","article-title":"Prevalence, predictors and outcome of hypofibrinogenaemia in trauma: A multicentre observational study","volume":"18","author":"Hagemo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.12.002","article-title":"Fibrinogen level at hospital admission after multiple injury correlates with BMI and is negatively associated with the need for transfusion and early multiple organ failure","volume":"52","author":"Foldesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000172","article-title":"TEG(R) Functional Fibrinogen Analysis May Overestimate Fibrinogen Levels","volume":"118","author":"Agren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-09-3046","article-title":"Maturation of dendritic cells abrogates C1q production in vivo and in vitro","volume":"103","author":"Castellano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9745-6","article-title":"Platelet dysfunction is an early marker for traumatic brain injury-induced coagulopathy","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurocrit. Care"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2014.09.003","article-title":"Fibrinolysis and the control of blood coagulation","volume":"29","author":"Chapin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000341","article-title":"Hyperfibrinolysis, physiologic fibrinolysis, and fibrinolysis shutdown: The spectrum of postinjury fibrinolysis and relevance to antifibrinolytic therapy","volume":"77","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.04.008","article-title":"Fibrinolysis shutdown phenotype masks changes in rodent coagulation in tissue injury versus hemorrhagic shock","volume":"158","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.05.004","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of admission hyperfibrinolysis in severely injured pediatric trauma patients","volume":"158","author":"Liras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31825c1234","article-title":"Hyperfibrinolysis at admission is an uncommon but highly lethal event associated with shock and prehospital fluid administration","volume":"73","author":"Cotton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Exsanguination shock: The next frontier in prevention of battlefield mortality","volume":"71","author":"Blackbourne","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Acute coagulopathy of trauma: Hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis","volume":"64","author":"Brohi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.05.054","article-title":"Revisiting early postinjury mortality: Are they bleeding because they are dying or dying because they are bleeding?","volume":"179","author":"Morton","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2012.08.318","article-title":"Hyperfibrinolysis is common in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: Results from a prospective observational thromboelastometry study","volume":"84","author":"Schochl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000885","article-title":"Overwhelming tPA release, not PAI-1 degradation, is responsible for hyperfibrinolysis in severely injured trauma patients","volume":"80","author":"Chapman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e3282f1e78f","article-title":"Acute coagulopathy of trauma: Mechanism, identification and effect","volume":"13","author":"Brohi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-017-0833-3","article-title":"Fibrinolysis in trauma: A review","volume":"44","author":"Madurska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001792","article-title":"Increased risk of fibrinolysis shutdown among severely injured trauma patients receiving tranexamic acid","volume":"84","author":"Meizoso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004234","article-title":"Fibrinolysis Shutdown in Trauma: Historical Review and Clinical Implications","volume":"129","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181c9e31d","article-title":"Microvascular thrombosis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Gando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2014.03.016","article-title":"Biological basis and pathological relevance of microvascular thrombosis","volume":"133","author":"Pfeiler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1177\/009127002762491271","article-title":"Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: Physiologic role, regulation, and the influence of common pharmacologic agents","volume":"42","author":"Tsikouris","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002657","article-title":"Early and prehospital trauma deaths: Who might benefit from advanced resuscitative care?","volume":"88","author":"Carroll","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2008.10.007","article-title":"Exsanguination in trauma: A review of diagnostics and treatment options","volume":"40","author":"Geeraedts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"420","article-title":"Time to laparotomy for intra-abdominal bleeding from trauma does affect survival for delays up to 90 minutes","volume":"52","author":"Clarke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berkeveld, E., Popal, Z., Schober, P., Zuidema, W.P., Bloemers, F.W., and Giannakopoulos, G.F. (2021). Prehospital time and mortality in polytrauma patients: A retrospective analysis. BMC Emerg. Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-021-00476-6"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkbuli, A., Dowd, B., Sanchez, C., Shaikh, S., Sutherland, M., and McKenney, M. (2021). Emergency Medical Service Transport Time and Trauma Outcomes at an Urban Level 1 Trauma Center: Evaluation of Prehospital Emergency Medical Service Response. Am. Surg., 3134820988827.","DOI":"10.1177\/0003134820988827"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001769","article-title":"Speed is not everything: Identifying patients who may benefit from helicopter transport despite faster ground transport","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpsurg.2020.100840","article-title":"The impact of trauma systems on patient outcomes","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93287-5","article-title":"Tele-EMS physicians improve life-threatening conditions during prehospital emergency missions","volume":"11","author":"Schroder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002333","article-title":"Shock index and pulse pressure as triggers for massive transfusion","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1802345","article-title":"Prehospital Plasma during Air Medical Transport in Trauma Patients at Risk for Hemorrhagic Shock","volume":"379","author":"Sperry","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195085","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.5085","article-title":"Association of Prehospital Plasma Transfusion With Survival in Trauma Patients With Hemorrhagic Shock When Transport Times Are Longer Than 20 Minutes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the PAMPer and COMBAT Clinical Trials","volume":"155","author":"Pusateri","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16528","article-title":"Prehospital whole blood reduces early mortality in patients with hemorrhagic shock","volume":"61","author":"Braverman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60835-5","article-title":"Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): A randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"376","author":"Shakur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318292cc54","article-title":"Tranexamic acid in trauma: How should we use it?","volume":"74","author":"Napolitano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874920","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/874920","article-title":"CRASH-2 Study of Tranexamic Acid to Treat Bleeding in Trauma Patients: A Controversy Fueled by Science and Social Media","volume":"2015","author":"Binz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03701-7","article-title":"The impact of prehospital tranexamic acid on mortality and transfusion requirements: Match-pair analysis from the nationwide German TraumaRegister DGU(R)","volume":"25","author":"Imach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1322-5","article-title":"Prehospital administration of tranexamic acid in trauma patients","volume":"20","author":"Wafaisade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.04.028","article-title":"Tranexamic acid is associated with increased mortality in patients with physiological fibrinolysis","volume":"220","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001726","article-title":"The temporal response and mechanism of action of tranexamic acid in endothelial glycocalyx degradation","volume":"84","author":"Diebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redar.2020.06.019","article-title":"Tranexamic acid use in severely injured patients, is it always appropriate?","volume":"68","author":"Duque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Anestesiol. Reanim. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000140","article-title":"Trauma hemostasis and oxygenation research position paper on remote damage control resuscitation: Definitions, current practice, and knowledge gaps","volume":"41","author":"Jenkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000712","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2021-000712","article-title":"Prehospital shock index outperforms hypotension alone in predicting significant injury in trauma patients","volume":"6","author":"Kheirbek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trauma Surg. Acute Care Open"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.09.015","article-title":"Accuracy of shock index versus ABC score to predict need for massive transfusion in trauma patients","volume":"49","author":"Schroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5847\/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2012.02.006","article-title":"Modified shock index and mortality rate of emergency patients","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318253b52e","article-title":"Validation of the pulse rate over pressure evaluation index as a detector of early occult hemorrhage: A prospective observational study","volume":"73","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000502","article-title":"The new metric to define large-volume hemorrhage: Results of a prospective study of the critical administration threshold","volume":"78","author":"Savage","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002372","article-title":"Systematic reviews of scores and predictors to trigger activation of massive transfusion protocols","volume":"87","author":"Shih","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S252","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16453","article-title":"A new definition for massive transfusion in the modern era of whole blood resuscitation","volume":"61","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000787","article-title":"Muscle Oxygenation as an Early Predictor of Shock Severity in Trauma Patients","volume":"47","author":"Arakaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schenkman, K.A., Carlbom, D.J., Bulger, E.M., Ciesielski, W.A., Fisk, D.M., Sheehan, K.L., Asplund, K.M., Shaver, J.M., and Arakaki, L.S.L. (2017). Muscle oxygenation as an indicator of shock severity in patients with suspected severe sepsis or septic shock. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182351"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/tme.12384","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment of muscle oxygenation may aid in optimising transfusion threshold decisions in ambulatory paediatric patients","volume":"27","author":"Schenkman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transfus. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.05.003","article-title":"Muscle oxygenation measurement in humans by noninvasive optical spectroscopy and Locally Weighted Regression","volume":"785","author":"Arakaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00264-3","article-title":"Trauma-induced coagulopathy","volume":"7","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"307","article-title":"Damage control resuscitation: Directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma","volume":"62","author":"Holcomb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000455","article-title":"Novel concep.pts for damage control resuscitation in trauma","volume":"23","author":"Van","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196902062800611","article-title":"Should blood be whole or in parts?","volume":"280","author":"Moore","year":"1969","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16394","article-title":"Survey of group A plasma and low-titer group O whole blood use in trauma resuscitation at adult civilian level 1 trauma centers in the US","volume":"61","author":"Yazer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16380","article-title":"Conservation of Rh negative Low Titer O Whole Blood (LTOWB) and the need for a national conversation to define its use in trauma transfusion protocols","volume":"61","author":"Troughton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.10.095","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of whole blood compared to balanced blood components in resuscitation of hemorrhaging trauma patients\u2014A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Malkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15696","article-title":"The use of low-titer group O whole blood is independently associated with improved survival compared to component therapy in adults with severe traumatic hemorrhage","volume":"60","author":"Shea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003058","article-title":"The prehospital use of younger age whole blood is associated with an improved arrival coagulation profile","volume":"90","author":"Clements","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16066","article-title":"A comparison between leukocyte reduced low titer whole blood vs non-leukocyte reduced low titer whole blood for massive transfusion activation","volume":"60","author":"Fadeyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4044511","DOI":"10.25100\/cm.v51i4.4511","article-title":"Whole blood for blood loss: Hemostatic resuscitation in damage control","volume":"51","author":"Himmler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colomb. Med. (Cali)"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16495","article-title":"Rate of RhD-alloimmunization after the transfusion of multiple RhD-positive primary red blood cell-containing products","volume":"61","author":"Yazer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S333","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16454","article-title":"Joint Trauma System, Defense Committee on Trauma, and Armed Services Blood Program consensus statement on whole blood","volume":"61","author":"Shackelford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002498","article-title":"Safety profile and impact of low-titer group O whole blood for emergency use in trauma","volume":"88","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16390","article-title":"Injured recipients of low-titer group O whole blood have similar clinical outcomes compared to recipients of conventional component therapy: A single-center, retrospective study","volume":"61","author":"Yazer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14779","article-title":"Clinical outcomes among low-titer group O whole blood recipients compared to recipients of conventional components in civilian trauma resuscitation","volume":"58","author":"Seheult","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02491-0","article-title":"The use of whole blood in traumatic bleeding: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Cruciani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.12","article-title":"Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs. a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: The PROPPR randomized clinical trial","volume":"313","author":"Holcomb","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S162","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003289","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of low-titer O whole blood resuscitation in a civilian level I trauma center","volume":"91","author":"McCarthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2212-9","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of platelets for transfusion: Strategies for prevention","volume":"22","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2010.02.002","article-title":"The platelet storage lesion","volume":"30","author":"Devine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.1973.tb05442.x","article-title":"Studies of platelet concentrates stored at 22 C nad 4 C","volume":"13","author":"Becker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000082","article-title":"Hemostatic function of apheresis platelets stored at 4 \u00b0C and 22 \u00b0C","volume":"41","author":"Reddoch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196905152802004","article-title":"Effect of storage temperature on maintenance of platelet viability--deleterious effect of refrigerated storage","volume":"280","author":"Murphy","year":"1969","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S140","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13504","article-title":"Comprehensive review of platelet storage methods for use in the treatment of active hemorrhage","volume":"56","author":"Milford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000078","article-title":"Refrigerated platelets for the treatment of acute bleeding: A review of the literature and reexamination of current standards","volume":"41","author":"Pidcoke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"238","article-title":"Blood banking-induced alteration of red blood cell oxygen release ability","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.01026.x","article-title":"Clinical consequences of red cell storage in the critically ill","volume":"46","author":"Tinmouth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"206","article-title":"Transfusion-related acute lung injury","volume":"33","author":"Fabron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bras. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2014.09.007","article-title":"Red blood cell storage duration and trauma","volume":"29","author":"Sparrow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"173","article-title":"The restoration in vivo of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in stored red cells, after transfusion. The levels of red cells 2,3-DPG","volume":"47","author":"Stan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rom. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.011314","article-title":"Impact of the age of stored blood on trauma patient mortality: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Sowers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.09.033","article-title":"Older Blood Is Associated With Increased Mortality and Adverse Events in Massively Transfused Trauma Patients: Secondary Analysis of the PROPPR Trial","volume":"73","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12380","article-title":"Transfusion of recently donated (fresh) red blood cells (RBCs) does not improve survival in comparison with current practice, while safety of the oldest stored units is yet to be established: A meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"Remy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2369-x","article-title":"Resuscitation Fluid Choices to Preserve the Endothelial Glycocalyx","volume":"23","author":"Milford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12251","article-title":"Thawed and liquid plasma--what do we know?","volume":"109","author":"Cardigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03300.x","article-title":"Changes in coagulation factor activity and content of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in frozen plasma units during refrigerated storage for up to five days after thawing","volume":"52","author":"Sheffield","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02648.x","article-title":"Stability of coagulation factors in plasma prepared after a 24-hour room temperature hold","volume":"50","author":"Alhumaidan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12537","article-title":"Is group A thawed plasma suitable as the first option for emergency release transfusion? (CME)","volume":"54","author":"Chhibber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12730","article-title":"Going from A to B: The safety of incompatible group A plasma for emergency release in trauma and massive transfusion patients","volume":"54","author":"Cooling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31828b813e","article-title":"Balancing risk and benefit: Maintenance of a thawed Group A plasma inventory for trauma patients requiring massive transfusion","volume":"74","author":"Mehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S111","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16526","article-title":"Coagulation function of never frozen liquid plasma stored for 40 days","volume":"61","author":"Meledeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003012","article-title":"Freeze-dried plasma for major trauma\u2014Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Mok","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S128","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13580","article-title":"Dried plasma: State of the science and recent developments","volume":"56","author":"Pusateri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65S","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12038","article-title":"The evolving role of lyophilized plasma in remote damage control resuscitation in the French Armed Forces Health Service","volume":"53","author":"Sailliol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001569","article-title":"Prehospital administration of freeze-dried plasma, is it the solution for trauma casualties?","volume":"83","author":"Shlaifer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.12.012","article-title":"Fibrinogen in traumatic haemorrhage: A narrative review","volume":"48","author":"Winearls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-1980-x","article-title":"Fibrinogen Early In Severe Trauma studY (FEISTY): Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Winearls","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.5858\/2002-126-1387-DAT","article-title":"Dysfibrinogenemia and Thrombosis","volume":"126","author":"Hayes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.11.021","article-title":"Fibrinogen in trauma, an evaluation of thrombelastography and rotational thromboelastometry fibrinogen assays","volume":"194","author":"Meyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31828fa3ed","article-title":"Cryoprecipitate Use in the Prospective Observational Multicenter Major Trauma Transfusion study (PROMMTT)","volume":"75","author":"Holcomb","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003164","article-title":"Cryoprecipitate attenuates the endotheliopathy of trauma in mice subjected to hemorrhagic shock and trauma","volume":"90","author":"Barry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002944","article-title":"Thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry in bleeding patients with coagulopathy: Practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma","volume":"89","author":"Bugaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001270","article-title":"Rapid thrombelastography thresholds for goal-directed resuscitation of patients at risk for massive transfusion","volume":"82","author":"Einersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.14836","article-title":"Point-of-care viscoelastic assay devices (rotational thromboelastometry and thromboelastography): A primer for surgeons","volume":"89","author":"Sharp","year":"2019","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brill, J.B., Cotton, B.A., Brenner, M., Duchesne, J., Ferrada, P., Horer, T., Kauvar, D., Khan, M., Roberts, D., and Ordonez, C. (2021). The Role of TEG and ROTEM in Damage Control Resuscitation. Shock.","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001686"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002733","article-title":"The S100A10 Pathway Mediates an Occult Hyperfibrinolytic Subtype in Trauma Patients","volume":"269","author":"Gall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15524","article-title":"The use of viscoelastic haemostatic assays in the management of major bleeding: A British Society for Haematology Guideline","volume":"182","author":"Curry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.12.014","article-title":"Position of the French Working Group on Perioperative Haemostasis (GIHP) on viscoelastic tests: What role for which indication in bleeding situations?","volume":"38","author":"Roullet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesth. Crit. Care Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CRASH-2 Collaborators, Roberts, I., Shakur, H., Afolabi, A., Brohi, K., Coats, T., Dewan, Y., Gando, S., Guyatt, G., and Hunt, B.J. (2011). The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: An exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 377, 1096\u20131101.e1\u20132.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60278-X"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002061","article-title":"Tranexamic acid administration is associated with an increased risk of posttraumatic venous thromboembolism","volume":"86","author":"Myers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000000634","article-title":"Postinjury fibrinolysis shutdown: Rationale for selective tranexamic acid","volume":"78","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002941","article-title":"Plasmin thrombelastography rapidly identifies trauma patients at risk for massive transfusion, mortality, and hyperfibrinolysis: A diagnostic tool to resolve an international debate on tranexamic acid?","volume":"89","author":"Barrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002022","article-title":"Severely injured trauma patients with admission hyperfibrinolysis: Is there a role of tranexamic acid? Findings from the PROPPR trial","volume":"85","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2020000090","article-title":"\u201cTEG talk\u201d: Expanding clinical roles for thromboelastography and rotational thromboelastometry","volume":"2020","author":"Selby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"British Committee for Standards in Haematology Writing Group, Stainsby, D., MacLennan, S., Thomas, D., Isaac, J., and Hamilton, P.J. (2006). Guidelines on the management of massive blood loss. Br. J. Haematol., 135, 634\u2013641.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06355.x"},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"360","article-title":"Hemostatic factors and replacement of major blood loss with plasma-poor red cell concentrates","volume":"81","author":"Hiippala","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2010.01.031","article-title":"Impact of plasma transfusion in trauma patients who do not require massive transfusion","volume":"210","author":"Inaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.11.021","article-title":"Fibrinogen is an independent predictor of mortality in major trauma patients: A five-year statewide cohort study","volume":"48","author":"McQuilten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2017.01.031","article-title":"Fibrinogen level on admission is a predictor for massive transfusion in patients with severe blunt trauma: Analyses of a retrospective multicentre observational study","volume":"48","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Innerhofer, P., Fries, D., Mittermayr, M., Innerhofer, N., von Langen, D., Hell, T., Gruber, G., Schmid, S., Friesenecker, B., and Lorenz, I.H. (2017). Reversal of trauma-induced coagulopathy using first-line coagulation factor concentrates or fresh frozen plasma (RETIC): A single-centre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet Haematol.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(17)30077-7"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew343","article-title":"Fibrinogen in the initial resuscitation of severe trauma (FiiRST): A randomized feasibility trial","volume":"117","author":"Nascimento","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R83","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10078","article-title":"Transfusion in trauma: Thromboelastometry-guided coagulation factor concentrate-based therapy versus standard fresh frozen plasma-based therapy","volume":"15","author":"Schochl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000037","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2016-000037","article-title":"Pre-emptive administration of fibrinogen concentrate contributes to improved prognosis in patients with severe trauma","volume":"1","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trauma Surg. Acute Care Open"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000000392","article-title":"Yes or no for secondary prophylaxis in afibrinogenemia?","volume":"26","author":"Simurda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-020-02124-5","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin mRNAs in circulating microparticles of trauma patients as diagnostic markers for deep vein thrombosis","volume":"50","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2021.06.020","article-title":"Differences in the biochemical composition of three plasma derived human fibrinogen concentrates","volume":"205","author":"Hegener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"510","article-title":"The effect of fibrinogen concentrate and factor XIII on thromboelastometry in 33% diluted blood with albumin, gelatine, hydroxyethyl starch or saline in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Schlimp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001998","article-title":"High-dose Factor XIII administration induces effective hemostasis for trauma-associated coagulopathy (TAC) both in vitro and in rat hemorrhagic shock in vivo models","volume":"85","author":"Nagashima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2009.02086.x","article-title":"Central venous oxygen saturation for the diagnosis of low cardiac output in septic shock patients","volume":"54","author":"Perner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccx.0000158092.64795.cf","article-title":"The value of venous oximetry","volume":"11","author":"Reinhart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2337-y","article-title":"Continuous central venous and pulmonary artery oxygen saturation monitoring in the critically ill","volume":"30","author":"Reinhart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199808000-00020","article-title":"Importance of the sampling site for measurement of mixed venous oxygen saturation in shock","volume":"26","author":"Edwards","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01705041","article-title":"Monitoring of central venous oxygen saturation versus mixed venous oxygen saturation in critically ill patients","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2009.08.014","article-title":"Multicenter study of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO(2)) as a predictor of mortality in patients with sepsis","volume":"55","author":"Pope","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e415","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000415","article-title":"Repeatability of blood gas parameters, PCO2 gap, and PCO2 gap to arterial-to-venous oxygen content difference in critically ill adult patients","volume":"94","author":"Mallat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v5.i1.47","article-title":"Use of venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide tension difference to guide resuscitation therapy in septic shock","volume":"5","author":"Mallat","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2998-5","article-title":"Resuscitation of patients with septic shock: Please \u201cmind the gap\u201d!","volume":"39","author":"Vallet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2014.12.006","article-title":"Damage control resuscitation","volume":"29","author":"Pohlman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.305364","article-title":"The Human Microcirculation: Regulation of Flow and Beyond","volume":"118","author":"Gutterman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/20\/4793\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:18:10Z","timestamp":1760167090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/20\/4793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"references-count":202,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10204793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10204793","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]}}}