{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:18:36Z","timestamp":1770722316173,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gastrointestinal tract is the body\u2019s largest interface between the host and the external environment. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 are at higher risk of microbiome alterations and severe diseases. Recent evidence has suggested that the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms associated with gastrointestinal complicity in SARS-CoV-2 infection could be explained by the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) cell receptors. These receptors are overexpressed in the gut lining, leading to a high intestinal permeability to foreign pathogens. It is believed that SARS-CoV-2 has a lesser likelihood of causing liver infection because of the diminished expression of ACE2 in liver cells. Interestingly, an interconnection between the lungs, brain, and gastrointestinal tract during severe COVID-19 has been mentioned. We hope that this review on the molecular mechanisms related to the gastrointestinal disorders as well as neurological and hepatic manifestations experienced by COVID-19 patients will help scientists to find a convenient solution for this and other pandemic events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T07:05:57Z","timestamp":1634713557000},"page":"4802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Infection of Human Cells by SARS-CoV-2 and Molecular Overview of Gastrointestinal, Neurological, and Hepatic Problems in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mahdie","family":"Rahban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614335, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Stanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7963-3131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirreza","family":"Hooshmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young Researchers and Elite Club, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9583-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasaman","family":"Khamineh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Young Researchers and Elite Club, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma","family":"Ahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 7414846199, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4248-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Naqui","family":"Kazim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faizan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Muronetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2202-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Samy Abousenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo 11517, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4060-328X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samaneh","family":"Zolghadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0604-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Saboury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417614335, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbaa004","article-title":"HRCT imaging features in representative imported cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"3","author":"Diao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Precis. 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