{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:28:38Z","timestamp":1772252918885,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Bisa Research Grant of Keimyung University","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We performed an animal study to identify the techniques associated with the best muscle healing outcomes in cleft lip\/palate surgery. The right triceps of thirty adult male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were cut and repaired by three different suture techniques: simple (n = 10), overlapping (n = 10), and splitting sutures (n = 10). Muscle tissues were isolated from 5 rats per group 1 and 8 weeks postoperation. The inflammatory response and muscle fiber healing were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry for TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2, and immunofluorescence for laminin and MyoD. Grip strength (N\/100 g) and spatial gait symmetry were evaluated before surgery and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks postoperation. Eight weeks postoperation, grip force per weight was significantly higher in the simple suture (median, 3.49; IQR, 3.28\u20133.66) and overlapping groups (median, 3.3; IQR, 3.17\u20133.47) than the splitting group (median, 2.91; IQR, 2.76\u20133.05). There was no significant difference in range of motion between groups. The simple group exhibited significant remission of inflammation by H&amp;E staining and lower expression of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 than the other groups by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence revealed stronger expression of MyoD and weaker expression of laminin in the splitting group than in the other groups at week 8, indicating prolonged inflammation and healing followed by poor muscle fiber remodeling. Simple and overlapping sutures demonstrated similar functional healing, although greater inflammation and failure to maintain a thicker muscle belly were observed in the overlapping suture group compared with the simple suture group. Therefore, reconstruction of the philtral column with overlapping sutures alone may result in limited long-term fullness, and additional procedures may be needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T07:05:57Z","timestamp":1634713557000},"page":"4803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Evaluation of Muscle Repair Techniques: Implications in Musculoskeletal Healing and Corollaries in Oral-Facial Clefting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jaehoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongsan Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaehoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongsan Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junhyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongsan Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taehee","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongsan Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilseon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongsan Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kihwan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BL Plastic Clinic, Daegu 41938, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0221-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woonhyeok","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dongsan Medical Center, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keimyung University College of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000000708","article-title":"Primary overcorrection of the unilateral cleft nasal deformity: Quantifying the results","volume":"77","author":"Lonic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. 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