{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:05:58Z","timestamp":1785150358190,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this survey, which was open to all Italian cardiologists involved in arrhythmia, was to assess common practice regarding sedation and analgesia in interventional electrophysiology procedures in Italy. The survey consisted of 28 questions regarding the approach to sedation used for elective direct-current cardioversion (DCC), subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation, atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation, and transvenous lead extraction procedures. A total of 105 cardiologists from 92 Italian centres took part in the survey. The rate of centres where DCC, S-ICD implantation, AF ablation, VT ablation and lead extraction procedures were performed without anaesthesiologic assistance was 60.9%, 23.6%, 51.2%, 37.3%, and 66.7%, respectively. When these procedures were performed without anaesthesiologic assistance, the drugs (in addition to local anaesthetics) commonly administered were benzodiazepines (from 64.3% to 79.6%), opioids (from 74.4% to 88.1%), and general anaesthetics (from 7.1% to 30.4%). Twenty-three (21.9%) of the 105 cardiologists declared that they routinely administered propofol, without the supervision of an anaesthesiologist, in at least one of the above-mentioned procedures. In current Italian clinical practice, there is a lack of uniformity in the sedation\/analgesia approach used in interventional electrophysiology procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T23:51:36Z","timestamp":1635465096000},"page":"5035","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Practice of Deep Sedation in Electrophysiology and Cardiac Pacing Laboratories: Results of an Italian Survey Promoted by the AIAC (Italian Association of Arrhythmology and Cardiac Pacing)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6705-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Palmisano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, \u201cCard. G. Panico\u201d Hospital, 73039 Tricase, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ziacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Angeletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiology, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5394-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Arrhythmology Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, University Hospital Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8895-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni Battista","family":"Forleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, 20157 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Ferrara \u201cArcispedale S. Anna\u201d, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Notarstefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Department, San Donato Hospital, 52100 Arezzo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Accogli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, \u201cCard. G. Panico\u201d Hospital, 73039 Tricase, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Lavalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bisignani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Castrovillari Hospital, ASP Cosenza, 87012 Castrovillari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Landolina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Ospedale Maggiore Di Crema, 26013 Crema, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Zanotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Mater Salutis Hospital, 37045 Legnago, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmental Unit of Electrophysiology, Evaluation and Treatment of Arrhythmias, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Pietro","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cardio-Aritmologico, 00152 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3278-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"De Ponti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Heart and Vessels, Ospedale Di Circolo-University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9820-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Boriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Cardiology Division, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Di Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2009.01.027","article-title":"Airway Interventions in the Cardiac Electrophysiology Laboratory: A Retrospective Review","volume":"23","author":"Trentman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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