{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:35:00Z","timestamp":1792758900792,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common after cardiac surgery. To date, there are no specific pharmacological therapies. In this review, we summarise the existing evidence for prevention and management of cardiac surgery-associated AKI and outline areas for future research. Preoperatively, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers should be withheld and nephrotoxins should be avoided to reduce the risk. Intraoperative strategies include goal-directed therapy with individualised blood pressure management and administration of balanced fluids, the use of circuits with biocompatible coatings, application of minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation, and lung protective ventilation. Postoperative management should be in accordance with current KDIGO AKI recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:48:36Z","timestamp":1636922916000},"page":"5285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Cardiac Surgery Associated AKI Prevention Strategies and Medical Treatment for CSA-AKI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9500-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlies","family":"Ostermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s & St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Kunst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King\u2019s College Hospital, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9RS, UK"},{"name":"British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s & St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kittisak","family":"Weerapolchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Somdech Phra Pinklao Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Guy\u2019s & St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuttha","family":"Lumlertgul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, King\u2019s College London, Guy\u2019s & St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Excellence Center in Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital Division of Nephrology, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Unit in Critical Care Nephrology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008834","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008834","article-title":"Cardiac and Vascular Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: The 20th International Consensus Conference of the ADQI (Acute Disease Quality Initiative) Group","volume":"7","author":"Nadim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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