{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T13:21:44Z","timestamp":1794489704626,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondation des gueules cass\u00e9es","award":["28-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04n41bv19","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d'Orthop\u00e9die Dento-Faciale","award":["2019 research prize"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 research prize"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In some dentofacial deformity patients, especially patients undergoing surgical orthodontic treatments, Computed Tomography (CT) scans are useful to assess complex asymmetry or to plan orthognathic surgery. This assessment would be made easier for orthodontists and surgeons with a three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric analysis, which would require the localization of landmarks and the construction of reference planes. The objectives of this study were to assess manual landmarking repeatability and reproducibility (R&amp;R) of a set of 3D landmarks and to evaluate R&amp;R of vertical cephalometric measurements using two Frankfort Horizontal (FH) planes as references for horizontal 3D imaging reorientation. Thirty-three landmarks, divided into \u201cconventional\u201d, \u201cforaminal\u201d and \u201cdental\u201d, were manually located twice by three experienced operators on 20 randomly-selected CT scans of orthognathic surgery patients. R&amp;R confidence intervals (CI) of each landmark in the -x, -y and -z directions were computed according to the ISO 5725 standard. These landmarks were then used to construct 2 FH planes: a conventional FH plane (orbitale left, porion right and left) and a newly proposed FH plane (midinternal acoustic foramen, orbitale right and left). R&amp;R of vertical cephalometric measurements were computed using these 2 FH planes as horizontal references for CT reorientation. Landmarks showing a 95% CI of repeatability and\/or reproducibility &gt; 2 mm were found exclusively in the \u201cconventional\u201d landmarks group. Vertical measurements showed excellent R&amp;R (95% CI &lt; 1 mm) with either FH plane as horizontal reference. However, the 2 FH planes were not found to be parallel (absolute angular difference of 2.41\u00b0, SD 1.27\u00b0). Overall, \u201cdental\u201d and \u201cforaminal\u201d landmarks were more reliable than the \u201cconventional\u201d landmarks. Despite the poor reliability of the landmarks orbitale and porion, the construction of the conventional FH plane provided a reliable horizontal reference for 3D craniofacial CT scan reorientation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T08:19:20Z","timestamp":1636964360000},"page":"5303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmarking and Frankfort Horizontal Plane Construction: Reproducibility of Conventional and Novel Landmarks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2014-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gauthier","family":"Dot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biomecanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Metiers Paristech, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"UFR d\u2019Odontologie, Universite de Paris, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"AP-HP, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Service d\u2019Odontologie, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Rafflenbeul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline","family":"Kerbrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biomecanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Metiers Paristech, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Rouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biomecanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Metiers Paristech, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"EPF\u2013Graduate School of Engineering, 3 bis rue Lakanal, 92330 Sceaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Gajny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biomecanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Metiers Paristech, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6392-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schouman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biomecanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Metiers Paristech, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Faculte de Medecine, Sorbonne Universite, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"AP-HP, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140282","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20140282","article-title":"CBCT in Orthodontics: Assessment of Treatment Outcomes and Indications for Its Use","volume":"44","author":"Kapila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2019.03.083","article-title":"Navigated Orbital Floor Reconstruction with Cad\/Cam Guide and Patient-Specific Implant","volume":"48","author":"Pietzka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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