{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:51:01Z","timestamp":1792626661419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Loss of elbow motion can lead to disability in everyday gestures, recreational activities, and work. Unfortunately, the elbow joint is particularly prone to stiffness because of its complex anatomy and biomechanics. The etiology of elbow stiffness is varied and must be diagnosed accurately in order to allow optimal treatment, which may be challenging for surgeons and physiotherapists. Its treatment can be either conservative, arthroscopic or surgical, with a trend for arthroscopic procedures when conservative treatment fails. There is no consensus on the optimal imaging workup for elbow joint stiffness, which may have an impact on patient management. This article reviews the current classification systems of elbow stiffness and the various imaging techniques used for diagnosis. Report checklists and clarifications on the role of each imaging method, as well as the imaging findings of normal and stiff elbows, are presented, leading to a proposed diagnostic algorithm. The main concern in imaging is to determine the cause of elbow stiffness, as many concomitant abnormalities might be present depending on the clinical scenario.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T09:16:11Z","timestamp":1637140571000},"page":"5348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Elbow Stiffness Imaging: A Practical Diagnostic and Pretherapeutic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1879-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Lombard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guilloz Imaging Department, Central Hospital, University Hospital Center of Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guilloz Imaging Department, Central Hospital, University Hospital Center of Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1235-7894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edouard","family":"Germain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guilloz Imaging Department, Central Hospital, University Hospital Center of Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gauthier","family":"Dodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guilloz Imaging Department, Central Hospital, University Hospital Center of Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guilloz Imaging Department, Central Hospital, University Hospital Center of Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9980-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guilloz Imaging Department, Central Hospital, University Hospital Center of Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Gillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guilloz Imaging Department, Central Hospital, University Hospital Center of Nancy, 54035 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/00130911-200312000-00008","article-title":"Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Elbow Joint","volume":"7","author":"Fornalski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tech. 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