{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:12:16Z","timestamp":1784941936093,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease. Early diagnosis of this disease can support treatment and reduce the effects of pathophysiological processes. A significant problem in the diagnosis of glaucoma is limited access to the tested material. Therefore, intensive research is underway to develop biomarkers for fast, noninvasive, and reliable testing. Biomarkers indicated in the formation of glaucoma include chemical compounds from different chemical groups, such as proteins, sugars, and lipids. This review summarizes our knowledge about protein and\/or their protein-like derived biomarkers used for glaucoma diagnosis since 2000. The described possibilities resulting from a biomarker search may contribute to identifying a group of compounds strongly correlated with glaucoma development. Such a find would be of great importance in the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder, as current screening techniques have low sensitivity and are unable to diagnose early primary open-angle glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T02:43:09Z","timestamp":1637289789000},"page":"5388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Protein Biomarkers in Glaucoma: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6105-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Fiedorowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6641-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Cie\u015bli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 1A Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Kuklo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3724-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Grzybowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, 61-553 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2003.00021.x","article-title":"The Finnish evidence-based guideline for open angle glaucoma","volume":"81","author":"Tuulonen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2013.867353","article-title":"Prediction of glaucomatous field progression: Pointwise analysis","volume":"39","author":"Shon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16257-0","article-title":"Primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"363","author":"Weinreb","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0299","article-title":"Variations in primary open-angle glaucoma prevalence by age, gender, and race: A Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Rudnicka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EGS Foundation (2017). European Glaucoma Society Terminology and Guidelines for Glaucoma, 4th Edition\u2014Part 1. Supported by the EGS Foundation. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 101, 1\u201372.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-EGSguideline.001"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1159\/000079477","article-title":"Review of the ischemia hypothesis for ocular hypertension other than congenital glaucoma and closed-angle glaucoma","volume":"218","author":"Nakabayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.07.009","article-title":"The immune response in glaucoma: A perspective on the roles of oxidative stress","volume":"93","author":"Tezel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2011.588649","article-title":"Autoimmune basis of glaucoma","volume":"26","author":"Shazly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.01.004","article-title":"A proteomics view of the molecular mechanisms and biomarkers of glaucomatous neurodegeneration","volume":"35","author":"Tezel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017269","article-title":"The complex role of neuroinflammation in glaucoma","volume":"4","author":"Soto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00478","article-title":"Investigations into hypoxia and oxidative stress at the optic nerve head in a rat model of glaucoma","volume":"11","author":"Chidlow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5289","article-title":"Oxidative stress and the regulation of complement activation in human glaucoma","volume":"51","author":"Tezel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02455.x","article-title":"Vascular risk factors in glaucoma: A review","volume":"39","author":"Yanagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2013.02.003","article-title":"Does autoimmunity play a part in the pathogenesis of glaucoma?","volume":"36","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzybowski, A., Och, M., Kanclerz, P., Leffler, C., and De Moraes, C.G. (2020). Primary open angle glaucoma and vascular risk factors: A review of population based studies from 1990 to 2019. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030761"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2016.02.003","article-title":"Glaucoma history and risk factors","volume":"10","author":"McMonnies","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.300","article-title":"Biomarkers for glaucoma: From the lab to the clinic","volume":"31","author":"Kunst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22242","article-title":"Oxidative stress-related molecular biomarker candidates for glaucoma","volume":"58","author":"Hondur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-019-00213-0","article-title":"Molecular biomarkers for glaucoma","volume":"7","author":"Beykin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (2001). Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: Preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 69, 89\u201395.","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2001.113989"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32833ed177","article-title":"What are biomarkers?","volume":"5","author":"Strimbu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8222","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10076","article-title":"Immunoproteomic analysis of potential serum biomarker candidates in human glaucoma","volume":"53","author":"Tezel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Damodaran, S., and Parkin, K.L. (2008). Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins. Fennema\u2019s Food Chemistry, CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2020.0023","article-title":"Analysis of plasma hydrogen sulfide, homocysteine, and L-cysteine in open-angle flaucoma patients","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000662","article-title":"Diagnostic ability of wide-field retinal nerve fiber layer maps using swept-source optical coherence tomography for detection of preperimetric and early perimetric glaucoma","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4858","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004858","article-title":"Relationship between homocysteine and intraocular pressure in men and women: A population-based study","volume":"95","author":"Leibovitzh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-014-9979-8","article-title":"Endothelin-1 levels and biomarkers of oxidative stress in glaucoma patients","volume":"35","author":"Villalba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oddone, F., Roberti, G., Micera, A., Busanello, A., Bonini, S., Quaranta, L., Agnifili, L., and Manni, G. (2017). Exploring serum levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor and nerve frowth factor across glaucoma stages. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168565"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181fc329f","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a biomarker in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"88","author":"Ghaffariyeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optm.2008.09.014","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with normal-tension glaucoma","volume":"80","author":"Ghaffariyeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Optometry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2016.1180397","article-title":"Association of NT-proANP level in plasma and humor aqueous with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"42","author":"Baumane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8420","article-title":"Elevation of serum asymmetrical and symmetrical dimethylarginine in patients with advanced glaucoma","volume":"53","author":"Javadiyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307678","article-title":"Relationship between high serum ferritin level and glaucoma in a South Korean population: The Kangbuk Samsung health study","volume":"100","author":"Gye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.2876","article-title":"Association between serum ferritin and glaucoma in the South Korean population","volume":"132","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2013.12.006","article-title":"Comparative proteomic study in serum of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma","volume":"98","author":"Escribano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1449222","article-title":"Matricellular proteins play a potential role in acute primary angle closure","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0872","article-title":"Increased expression of iron-regulating genes in monkey and human glaucoma","volume":"45","author":"Farkas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000898","article-title":"Nerve growth factor: Structure and function","volume":"58","author":"Wiesmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190410001723308","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"22","author":"Binder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-536-7_1","article-title":"The neurotrophin family of neurotrophic factors: An overview","volume":"846","author":"Skaper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wu, G. (2013). Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Nutrition, CRC Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9177-4","article-title":"Overview of homocysteine and folate metabolism. With special references to cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects","volume":"34","author":"Blom","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305925","article-title":"Intraocular pressure and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic men and women","volume":"99","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-161612","article-title":"Endothelin-1 gene regulation","volume":"25","author":"Stow","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00603","article-title":"Mechanisms of autoantibody-induced pathology","volume":"8","author":"Ludwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0685","article-title":"Serum autoantibodies to alpha-fodrin are present in glaucoma patients from Germany and the United States","volume":"47","author":"Grus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.09.005","article-title":"Autoimmune biomarkers in glaucoma patients","volume":"13","author":"Gramlich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00381","article-title":"Autoantibody biomarker discovery in primary open angle glaucoma using serological proteome analysis (SERPA)","volume":"10","author":"Beutgen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-004-1094-5","article-title":"Autoantibodies in patients with glaucoma: A comparison of IgG serum antibodies against retinal, optic nerve, and optic nerve head antigens","volume":"243","author":"Joachim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1573","article-title":"IgG antibody patterns in aqueous humor of patients with primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Joachim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680701375183","article-title":"Antibodies to alpha B-crystallin, vimentin, and heat shock protein 70 in aqueous humor of patients with normal tension glaucoma and IgG antibody patterns against retinal antigen in aqueous humor","volume":"32","author":"Joachim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx332","article-title":"Peptides of the variable IgG domain as potential biomarker candidates in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)","volume":"26","author":"Schmelter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.04.033","article-title":"Association between 17-\u03b2-estradiol and interleukin-8 and visual field progression in postmenopausal omen with primary angle closure glaucoma","volume":"217","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S125364","article-title":"Cytokine biomarkers in tear film for primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1568500","article-title":"Blood levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and its type 2 receptor are elevated in patients with Boston Type I Keratoprosthesis","volume":"44","author":"Paschalis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S162999","article-title":"Association of increased levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Kondkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S155168","article-title":"Elevated levels of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Kondkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523218666180302163029","article-title":"Dysfunction in brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway and susceptibility to schizophrenia, Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases","volume":"18","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200016010-00003","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I: Implications in aging","volume":"16","author":"Arvat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-224","article-title":"Human conditions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Puche","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12959","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12959","article-title":"Brain insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and glucagon-like peptide 1 signalling in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-016-0271-y","article-title":"Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma","volume":"37","author":"Dogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.01.047","article-title":"Ocular and systemic pseudoexfoliation syndrome","volume":"141","author":"Naumann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12184","article-title":"Pseudoexfoliation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A population-based 30-year follow-up study","volume":"92","author":"Kilander","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, T., Guo, L., Fan, Y., Fang, L., Wei, J., Tan, Y., Chen, Y., and Fan, X. (2019). Aqueous humor levels of TGF\u03b22 and SFRP1 in different types of glaucoma. BMC Ophthalmol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1183-1"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.7618","article-title":"The potential association between postmenopausal hormone use and primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"132","author":"Talwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001511","article-title":"Do levels of stress markers influence the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in young adults?","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2016-0167","article-title":"Low-level expression of SOD1 in peripheral blood samples of patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Canizales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701539","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2701539","article-title":"Relationship between oxidative stress biomarkers and visual field progression in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.2174\/138161205774913255","article-title":"Uric acid and oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Glantzounis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13789","article-title":"Association of serum uric acid levels with primary open-angle glaucoma: A 5-year case-control study","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13745","article-title":"The association between serum uric acid and glaucoma severity in primary angle closure glaucoma: A retrospective case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4549","DOI":"10.1021\/pr070529w","article-title":"Body fluid proteomics for biomarker discovery: Lessons from the past hold the key to success in the future","volume":"6","author":"Good","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Proteom. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thongboonkerd, V. (2007). Proteomics of Human Body Fluids. Principles, Methods, and Applications, Humana Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-432-2"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V35N6p400","article-title":"Characterisation of human tear proteins using high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"35","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2012.04.053","article-title":"In-depth analysis of the human tear proteome","volume":"75","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, C.W., Ke, C., Chen, Q., Tao, Y.J., Zha, X., Zhang, Y.P., and Zhong, H. (2020). Differential metabolic markers associated with primary open-angle glaucoma and cataract in human aqueous humor. BMC Ophthalmol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-020-01452-7"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(99)80004-4","article-title":"2D protein electrophoresis: Can it be perfected?","volume":"10","author":"Celis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.07.241","article-title":"New insights into autoantibody profiles from immune privileged sites in the eye: A glaucoma study","volume":"26","author":"Boehm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseini, S., V\u00e1zquez-Villegas, P., Rito-Palomares, M., and Martinez-Chapa, S.O. (2018). Advantages, disadvantages and modifications of conventional ELISA. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-6766-2"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aretz, I., and Meierhofer, D. (2016). Advantages and pitfalls of mass spectrometry based metabolome profiling in systems biology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050632"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/22\/5388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:32:27Z","timestamp":1760167947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/22\/5388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10225388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10225388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]}}}