{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:18:09Z","timestamp":1787170689855,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the electrical activity of the superior (SOO) and inferior (IOO) orbicularis oris muscles in children with Down syndrome (DS) and in children without DS. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 subjects were eligible to participate in the later stages of the research\u201415 subjects with DS (mean age 10.1 \u00b1 1.1) and 15 healthy controls (mean age 9.8 \u00b1 1.0). The electrical potentials of the SOO and IOO muscles were recorded using a DAB-Bluetooth electromyography machine (Zebris Medical GmbH, Germany) during the following tasks: At clinical rest, saliva swallowing, lip protrusion, lip compression, and production of the syllable\/pa\/. The Mann\u2013Whitney U test was conducted to compare the study results between the groups. An analysis of the electromyographical (EMG) recordings showed that the electrical activity of the orbicularis oris muscle in children with DS and lip incompetence was significantly higher compared to healthy children during saliva swallowing, lip compression, and when producing the syllable\/pa\/, and this may suggest greater muscular effort due to the need to seal the lips during these functional conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:43:22Z","timestamp":1638323002000},"page":"5611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Electrical Activity of the Orbicularis Oris Muscle in Children with Down Syndrome\u2014A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1103-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Szyszka-Sommerfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-8216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Syci\u0144ska-Dziarnowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Machoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6066-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Wilczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, 3 Kasztanowa Street, 41200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Turkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianrico","family":"Spagnuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e20170074","article-title":"Effects of electrostimulation associated with masticatory training in individuals with down syndrome","volume":"30","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoDAS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3300-0","article-title":"Evaluation of the masticatory muscle function, physiological sleep variables, and salivary parameters after electromechanical therapeutic approaches in adult patients with Down syndrome: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Giannasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13027","article-title":"A home-based multidisciplinary programme for Down syndrome adults with muscular temporomandibular disorder","volume":"47","author":"Palma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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