{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:56:45Z","timestamp":1789732605455,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of the study was to assess changes in parameters based on ultrasound examinations\u2014these were Crown Rump Length (CRL), Nuchal Translucency (NT), Fetal Heart Rate (FHR), and Pulsatility Index for Ductus Venosus (DV-PI)\u2014in the first trimester of pregnancy in women in which there was a natural initiation of the pregnancy due to spontaneous ovulation, women in which the pregnancy was initiated as a result of stimulated ovulation, as well as in the group in which pregnancy was achieved through the use of In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)-assisted reproduction. A total of 1581 women became pregnant without the use of assisted reproduction methods. Out of 283 pregnancies, in 178 patients, induced ovulation was utilized. Next, 137 women had sexual intercourse and became pregnant; 41 of them became pregnant through Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) as a result of Artificial Insemination by Husband (AIH), and 13 became pregnant after Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID). The third group consisted of 105 women subjected to Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation (COH). In this group of pregnant women, 53 pregnancies were resultant of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), and 52 pregnancies were the result of Intracytoplasmic Morphologically selected Sperm Injection (IMSI). The obtained results did not indicate that the chosen method of fertilization or the chosen ovulation method had a statistically significant effect on the development risk of congenital heart or non-heart defects in the fetus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:43:22Z","timestamp":1638323002000},"page":"5630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Risk Assessment of the Increased Occurrence of Congenital Cardiac and Non-Cardiac Defects in Fetuses with a Normal Karyotype after Assisted Fertilization in Comparison to Natural Fertilization Based on Ultrasound Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3751-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Serafin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Serafin Clinic, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1633-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beniamin Oskar","family":"Grabarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, 31-826 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Histology, Cytophysiology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Boro\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, 31-826 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Histology, Cytophysiology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Madej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartosz","family":"Czuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu051","article-title":"Psychological adjustment in adolescents conceived by assisted reproduction techniques: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Ilioi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"112","article-title":"Diagnostyka i leczenie niep\u0142odno\u015bci-rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Medycyny Rozrodu i Embriologii (PTMRiE) oraz Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekolog\u00f3w i Po\u0142o\u017cnik\u00f3w (PTGP)","volume":"3","author":"Jakiel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ginekologia i Perinatologia Praktyczna"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"159","article-title":"Rekomendacje Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekolog\u00f3w i Po\u0142o\u017cnik\u00f3w dotycz\u0105ce ci\u0119cia cesarskiego","volume":"3","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ginekologia i Perinatologia Praktyczna"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20174028","article-title":"Factors determining successful intrauterine insemination","volume":"6","author":"Sinha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Contracept. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15526","article-title":"In vitro fertilisation\/intracytoplasmic sperm injection beyond 2020","volume":"126","author":"Crawford","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2","article-title":"Prognostic factors in intrauterine insemination cycles","volume":"22","author":"Sicchieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14020","article-title":"The impact of ovarian stimulation on the outcome of intrauterine insemination treatment: An analysis of 8893 cycles","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-014-0192-2","article-title":"Acceptable pregnancy rate of unstimulated intrauterine insemination: A retrospective analysis of 17,830 cycles","volume":"14","author":"Honda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"641","article-title":"Male infertility\u2014The other side of the equation","volume":"46","author":"Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev268","article-title":"Predicting the chance of live birth for women undergoing IVF: A novel pretreatment counselling tool","volume":"31","author":"Dhillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Regular (ICSI) versus ultra-high magnification (IMSI) sperm selection for assisted reproduction","volume":"2","author":"Teixeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2018.1528221","article-title":"GnRH antagonist versus follicular-phase single-dose GnRH agonist protocol in patients of normal ovarian responses during controlled ovarian stimulation","volume":"35","author":"Geng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2017.01.010","article-title":"Ovarian stimulation protocols for IVF: Is more better than less?","volume":"34","author":"Alper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"7","article-title":"Vaginal bleeding during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy and its impact on adverse perinatal outcome","volume":"22","author":"Roztocka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"245","article-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis Screening and Diagnostic Tools","volume":"44","author":"Carloson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"25","article-title":"Prenatal diagnostic methods","volume":"11","author":"Farhud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Lab. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"25","article-title":"Epidemiologia wrodzonych wad rozwojowych zarejestrowanych w wojew\u00f3dztwie pomorskim w latach 2003\u20132005","volume":"38","author":"Kapersky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Gedanensis"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"309","article-title":"Rekomendacje sekcji ultrasonografii polskiego towarzystwa ginekologicznego w zakresie przesiewowej diagnostyki ultrasonograficznej w ci\u0105\u017cy o przebiegu prawid\u0142owym w 2015r","volume":"83","author":"Pietryga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"63","article-title":"Rekomendacje sekcji ultrasonografii polskiego towarzystwa ginekolog\u00f3w i po\u0142o\u017cnik\u00f3w w zakresie przesiewowej diagnostyki ultrasonograficznej w ci\u0105\u017cy o przebiegu prawid\u0142owym\u20142020 rok","volume":"5","author":"Borowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ginekologia i Perinatologia Praktyczna"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.18932","article-title":"Congenital heart defects in IVF\/ICSI pregnancy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Giorgione","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20164311","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4311","article-title":"Assisted reproductive techniques and risk of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome","volume":"140","author":"Mussa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz001","article-title":"The health of children conceived by ART: \u2018the chicken or the egg?","volume":"25","author":"Berntsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"\u2019 Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.09.023","article-title":"Risk estimates for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in adults with congenital heart disease","volume":"119","author":"Lui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.08.029","article-title":"Transgenerational cardiology: One way to a baby\u2019s heart is through the mother","volume":"435","author":"Jay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"400","article-title":"Prenatal detection of congenital heart disease-results of a national screening programme","volume":"123","author":"Clur","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20284","article-title":"Screening for trisomies by cfDNA testing of maternal blood in twin pregnancy: Update of The Fetal Medicine Foundation results and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13416","article-title":"Re: Prenatal detection of congenital heart diseases-results of a national screening programme","volume":"122","author":"Ramaekers","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12373","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the performance of second-trimester screening for prenatal detection of congenital heart defects","volume":"140","author":"Ket","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e149","article-title":"Congenital heart disease, prenatal diagnosis and management","volume":"118","author":"Meller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Argent. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2018.1453563","article-title":"Clinical and neonatal outcomes of intrauterine insemination with frozen donor sperm","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2016.1254352","article-title":"Reproductive technologies and the risk of congenital heart defects","volume":"20","author":"Iwashima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15589","article-title":"The implementation of a nationwide anomaly screening programme improves prenatal detection of major cardiac defects: An 11-year national population-based cohort study","volume":"126","author":"Hautala","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.6096","article-title":"Associations of assisted reproductive technology and twin pregnancy with risk of congenital heart defects","volume":"174","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13644","article-title":"Comparison of the pregnancy outcomes and the incidence of fetal congenital abnormalities in infertile women with letrozole and clomiphene citrate","volume":"44","author":"Sene","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"125","article-title":"No increased risk of major congenital anomalies or adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcomes following letrozole use in assisted reproductive technology","volume":"32","author":"Tatsumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.10.1102","article-title":"Risk of critical congenital heart defects by nuchal translucency norms","volume":"212","author":"Norton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"368","article-title":"Critical congenital heart defects and abnormal levels of routinely collected first- and second-trimester biomarkers","volume":"173","author":"Borelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1408067","article-title":"Fetal nuchal translucency in severe congenital heart defects: Experiences in Northern Finland","volume":"32","author":"Alanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2666","article-title":"Aberrant lymphatic development in euploid fetuses with increased nuchal translucency including Noonan syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Bekker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04526-5","article-title":"Prenatal genetic considerations in congenital ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"Etchegaray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2883","article-title":"Measurement of nuchal translucency for prenatal screening of congenital heart defects: A population-based evaluation","volume":"31","author":"Jouannic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2018.09.005","article-title":"The use of ultrasound in the antenatal diagnosis of structural abnormalities","volume":"28","author":"Curado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynaecol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000437597.44550.5d","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"129","author":"Donofrio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4586","article-title":"Why increased nuchal translucency is associated with congenital heart disease: A systematic review on genetic mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Burger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1144743","article-title":"Predicting outcome in 259 fetuses with agenesis of ductus venosus-a multicenter experience and systematic review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Moaddab","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12893","article-title":"Ductus venosus Doppler in the assessment of fetal cardiovascular health: An updated practical approach","volume":"95","author":"Seravalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101851","article-title":"Does abnormal ductus venosus pulsatility index at the first-trimester effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes?","volume":"49","author":"Baran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gyncol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1517152","article-title":"Reference values of the ductus venosus pulsatility index for pregnant women between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation","volume":"33","author":"Kalayci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12852","article-title":"Screening performance of congenital heart defects in first trimester using simple cardiac scan, nuchal translucency, abnormal ductus venosus blood flow and tricuspid regurgitation","volume":"14","author":"Orlic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7521","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007521","article-title":"Increased nuchal translucency in fetuses with a normal karyotype-diagnosis and management: An observational study","volume":"96","author":"Socolov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2017.11.005","article-title":"First and second trimester screening for fetal structural anomalies","volume":"23","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.06.025","article-title":"Risk of selected structural abnormalities in infants after increased nuchal translucency measurement","volume":"211","author":"Baer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"862","article-title":"Cleft lip and palate -risk factors, prenatal diagnosis and health consequences","volume":"86","author":"Osmola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.04.009","article-title":"Mutations in the epithelial cadherin-p120-catenin complex cause mendelian non-syndromic cleft clip with or without cleft palate","volume":"102","author":"Cox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1597\/16-037","article-title":"Genetic interactions in nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in europe-EUROSCAN study","volume":"54","author":"Mossey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2011.10.002","article-title":"Parental age as a risk factor for non-syndromic oral clefts: A meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Herkrath","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"48","article-title":"Noninvasive prenatal testing: The future is now","volume":"6","author":"Norwitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaami, S., Orrico, A., Signore, F., Cavaliere, A.F., Mazzi, M., and Marinelli, E. (2021). Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) Associated with Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing: Reflections on the Evolution of Prenatal Diagnosis and Procreative Choices. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12020204"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/23\/5630\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:37:23Z","timestamp":1760168243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/23\/5630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10235630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10235630","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]}}}