{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:39:26Z","timestamp":1793054366120,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Children with congenital heart disease require repeated catheterization. Anesthetic management influences the procedure and may influence outcome; however, data and recommendations are lacking for infants. We studied the influence of sedation versus general anesthesia (GA) on adverse events during catheterization for children &lt;2 years old. Methods: We conducted a monocentric, retrospective study of all catheterization procedures (2008\u20132013). High-severity adverse event (HSAE) rates were compared using propensity-score-adjusted models, including pre- and intra-procedural variables. Results: 803 cases (619 patients) (368 (46%) GA, 435 (54%) sedation) with a mean age of 6.9 \u00b1 6.1 months were studied. The conversion rate (GA after sedation) was 18 (4%). Hospital stay was 4.9 \u00b1 4.0 and 4.1 \u00b1 2.5 (p = 0.01) after GA or sedation, respectively. HSAE occurred in 75 (20%) versus 40 (9%) (p &lt; 0.01) in GA versus sedation procedures, respectively. Risk factors (multivariable analysis) were older patients (p = 0.05), smaller weights (p &lt; 0.01), palliated status (OR 3.2 [1.2\u20138.9], p = 0.02), two-ventricle physiology (OR 7.3 [2.7\u201320.2], p &lt; 0.01), cyanosis (OR 4.6 [2.2\u20139.8], p &lt; 0.01), pulmonary hypertension (OR 5.6 [2.0\u201315.5], p &lt; 0.01), interventional catheterization (OR 1.8 [1.1\u20133.2], p = 0.02) and procedure-type risk category 4 (OR 28.9 [1.8\u2013455.1], p = 0.02). Sedation did not increase the events rate and decreased the requirement for hemodynamic support (OR 5.2 [2.2\u201312.0], p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: Sedation versus GA for cardiac catheterization in children &lt;2 years old is safe and effective with regard to HSAE. Sedation also decreases the requirement for hemodynamic support. Paradoxical effects (older age and two-ventricle physiology) on risk have been found for this specific age cluster.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1638314576000},"page":"5648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Sedation versus General Anesthesia for Cardiac Catheterization in Infants: A Retrospective, Monocentric, Cohort Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Marian","family":"Mikus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Welchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehrenfried","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, German Paediatric Heart Centre, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Mini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, German Paediatric Heart Centre, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Vergnat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, German Paediatric Heart Centre, University Hospital of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Cardiac Catheterisation and Other Radiographic Examinations","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Lake","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatric Cardiac Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-015-1167-8","article-title":"Sedation and Anaesthesia in Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Catheterization: A Prospective Multicenter Experience","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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Intensivmed."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/23\/5648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:37:42Z","timestamp":1760168262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/10\/23\/5648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm10235648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10235648","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]}}}