{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:03:01Z","timestamp":1790661781688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation - Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11B1920N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11B1920N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation - Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G040919N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G040919N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stand up to Cancer (Kom op tegen Kanker - KOTK)","award":["ANI251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANI251"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review discusses chronic pain, multiple modifiable lifestyle factors, such as stress, insomnia, diet, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, and the relationship between these lifestyle factors and pain after cancer. Chronic pain is known to be a common consequence of cancer treatments, which considerably impacts cancer survivors\u2019 quality of life when it remains untreated. Improvements in lifestyle behaviour are known to reduce mortality, comorbid conditions (i.e., cardiovascular diseases, other cancer, and recurrence) and cancer-related side-effects (i.e., fatigue and psychological issues). An inadequate stress response plays an important role in dysregulating the body\u2019s autonomic, endocrine, and immune responses, creating a problematic back loop with pain. Next, given the high vulnerability of cancer survivors to insomnia, addressing and treating those sleep problems should be another target in pain management due to its capacity to increase hyperalgesia. Furthermore, adherence to a healthy diet holds great anti-inflammatory potential for relieving pain after cancer. Additionally, a healthy diet might go hand in hand with weight reduction in the case of obesity. Consuming alcohol and smoking have an acute analgesic effect in the short-term, with evidence lacking in the long-term. However, this acute effect is outweighed by other harms on cancer survivors\u2019 general health. Last, informing patients about the benefits of an active lifestyle and reducing a sedentary lifestyle after cancer treatment must be emphasised when considering the proven benefits of physical activity in this population. A multimodal approach addressing all relevant lifestyle factors together seems appropriate for managing comorbid conditions, side-effects, and chronic pain after cancer. Further research is needed to evaluate whether modifiable lifestyle factors have a beneficial influence on chronic pain among cancer survivors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T23:29:07Z","timestamp":1640906947000},"page":"195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Lifestyle and Pain following Cancer: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3967-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Lahousse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research (RERE) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8720-6543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Roose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research (RERE) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Leysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Foundation\u2014Flanders (FWO), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research (RERE) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevilay T\u00fcmkaya","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9962-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenza","family":"Mostaqim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research (RERE) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Physical Therapy Department, Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 20270-021, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduation Program, Clinical Medicine Department of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Rheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9951-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Beckw\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Research (RERE) Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Nijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy (KIMA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l5368","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5368","article-title":"Cancer ovet alertakes CVD to become leading cause of death in high income countries","volume":"366","author":"Mahase","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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