{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:01:26Z","timestamp":1792000886574,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a feared complication of liver cirrhosis. We investigated the prevalence of SBP, positive ascitic fluid cultures, and risk factors for mortality. (2) Methods: A retrospective analysis of all patients with cirrhosis hospitalized or in follow-up in a single center between 1996 and 2020. The clinical data, long-term complications, and mortality of SBP patients were compared with those of non-SBP patients. Ascitic fluid positive culture was compared with those without growth. (3) Results: We included 1035 cirrhotic patients, of which 173 (16.7%) developed SBP. Ascitic fluid culture growth was found in 47.4% of the SBP cases, with Escherichia coli bacteria detected in 38%, 24.4% grew ESBL-producing bacteria, and 14.5% displayed multidrug resistance. In a Cox regression model, SBP, male sex, prolonged INR at diagnosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma were found to be risk factors for mortality in cirrhotic patients. The long-term all-cause mortality was 60% in non-SBP and 90% in SBP patients. (4) Conclusions: Only a minority of cirrhotic patients developed SBP, 47.4% of which had positive ascitic fluid cultures with high antibiotic resistance. Growth of ESBL and multidrug resistant organisms is becoming more frequent in the clinical setting, reaching SBP mortality of 90%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11010227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1641518126000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis among Cirrhotic Patients: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4844-3308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naim","family":"Abu-Freha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"},{"name":"The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liat","family":"Poupko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School for International Health, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asia","family":"Estis-Deaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3492-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aasla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Abu-Freha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ohad","family":"Etzion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"},{"name":"The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1230-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lior","family":"Nesher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)30899-3","article-title":"The impact of bacterial infections on survival of patients with decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"13","author":"Strauss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. 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